Characteristics of eligible mothers and children in the Healthy Start study
| . | . | Fetal exposure to cannabisa . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 103) . | Not exposed (n = 88) . | Exposed (n = 15) . | P value . |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 30 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | 0.05 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25.4 ± 5.3 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 0.66 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 12.9 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 5.8 | 0.33 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 28 (27%) | 24 (27%) | 4 (27%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 7 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 61 (59%) | 54 (61%) | 7 (47%) | 0.17 |
| Household income | ||||
| < $40,000 | 26 (25%) | 19 (22%) | 5 (33%) | |
| $40,001-$70,000 | 15 (15%) | 13 (15%) | 2 (13%) | |
| ≥ $70,000 | 50 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 7 (47%) | |
| Missing/declined to answer | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | 0.22 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| <High school | 12 (12%) | 8 (9%) | 4 (27%) | |
| High school degree | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Some college or more | 79 (77%) | 69 (78%) | 10 (67%) | 0.13 |
| Fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation) | ||||
| <LOD | 88 (85%) | 80 (91%) | 8 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 15 (15%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (47%) | < 0.01 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49 (48%) | 46 (53%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Female | 54 (52%) | 42 (48%) | 12 (80%) | P = 0.02 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,259 ± 535 | 3,328 ± 507 | 2,853 ± 529 | P < 0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth (wl) | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 38.9 ± 1.7 | P = 0.78 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months; n = 95) | ||||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age at follow-up visit (y) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | P = 0.37 |
| Childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (child cotinine at ~4.6 years; n = 96) | ||||
| <LOD | 74 (77%) | 67 (81%) | 7 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 22 (23%) | 16 (19%) | 6 (46%) | P = 0.03 |
| . | . | Fetal exposure to cannabisa . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 103) . | Not exposed (n = 88) . | Exposed (n = 15) . | P value . |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 30 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | 0.05 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25.4 ± 5.3 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 0.66 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 12.9 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 5.8 | 0.33 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 28 (27%) | 24 (27%) | 4 (27%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 7 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 61 (59%) | 54 (61%) | 7 (47%) | 0.17 |
| Household income | ||||
| < $40,000 | 26 (25%) | 19 (22%) | 5 (33%) | |
| $40,001-$70,000 | 15 (15%) | 13 (15%) | 2 (13%) | |
| ≥ $70,000 | 50 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 7 (47%) | |
| Missing/declined to answer | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | 0.22 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| <High school | 12 (12%) | 8 (9%) | 4 (27%) | |
| High school degree | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Some college or more | 79 (77%) | 69 (78%) | 10 (67%) | 0.13 |
| Fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation) | ||||
| <LOD | 88 (85%) | 80 (91%) | 8 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 15 (15%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (47%) | < 0.01 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49 (48%) | 46 (53%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Female | 54 (52%) | 42 (48%) | 12 (80%) | P = 0.02 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,259 ± 535 | 3,328 ± 507 | 2,853 ± 529 | P < 0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth (wl) | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 38.9 ± 1.7 | P = 0.78 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months; n = 95) | ||||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age at follow-up visit (y) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | P = 0.37 |
| Childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (child cotinine at ~4.6 years; n = 96) | ||||
| <LOD | 74 (77%) | 67 (81%) | 7 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 22 (23%) | 16 (19%) | 6 (46%) | P = 0.03 |
Continuous variables are expressed as means ± SD. Independent samples t tests were used to examine the differences in means by cotinine categories. Categorical variables are expressed as proportions of column totals. χ 2 tests were used to examine differences in proportions by cotinine categories.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LOD, limit of detection.
aFetal exposure to cannabis was determined by the detection of twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. The categories of were as follows: exposed (any of the measured cannabinoids exceeded the LOD) and not exposed (all of cannabinoids measured were below the LOD).
Characteristics of eligible mothers and children in the Healthy Start study
| . | . | Fetal exposure to cannabisa . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 103) . | Not exposed (n = 88) . | Exposed (n = 15) . | P value . |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 30 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | 0.05 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25.4 ± 5.3 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 0.66 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 12.9 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 5.8 | 0.33 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 28 (27%) | 24 (27%) | 4 (27%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 7 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 61 (59%) | 54 (61%) | 7 (47%) | 0.17 |
| Household income | ||||
| < $40,000 | 26 (25%) | 19 (22%) | 5 (33%) | |
| $40,001-$70,000 | 15 (15%) | 13 (15%) | 2 (13%) | |
| ≥ $70,000 | 50 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 7 (47%) | |
| Missing/declined to answer | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | 0.22 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| <High school | 12 (12%) | 8 (9%) | 4 (27%) | |
| High school degree | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Some college or more | 79 (77%) | 69 (78%) | 10 (67%) | 0.13 |
| Fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation) | ||||
| <LOD | 88 (85%) | 80 (91%) | 8 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 15 (15%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (47%) | < 0.01 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49 (48%) | 46 (53%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Female | 54 (52%) | 42 (48%) | 12 (80%) | P = 0.02 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,259 ± 535 | 3,328 ± 507 | 2,853 ± 529 | P < 0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth (wl) | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 38.9 ± 1.7 | P = 0.78 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months; n = 95) | ||||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age at follow-up visit (y) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | P = 0.37 |
| Childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (child cotinine at ~4.6 years; n = 96) | ||||
| <LOD | 74 (77%) | 67 (81%) | 7 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 22 (23%) | 16 (19%) | 6 (46%) | P = 0.03 |
| . | . | Fetal exposure to cannabisa . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 103) . | Not exposed (n = 88) . | Exposed (n = 15) . | P value . |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 30 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | 0.05 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25.4 ± 5.3 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 0.66 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 12.9 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 5.8 | 0.33 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 28 (27%) | 24 (27%) | 4 (27%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 7 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 61 (59%) | 54 (61%) | 7 (47%) | 0.17 |
| Household income | ||||
| < $40,000 | 26 (25%) | 19 (22%) | 5 (33%) | |
| $40,001-$70,000 | 15 (15%) | 13 (15%) | 2 (13%) | |
| ≥ $70,000 | 50 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 7 (47%) | |
| Missing/declined to answer | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | 0.22 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| <High school | 12 (12%) | 8 (9%) | 4 (27%) | |
| High school degree | 12 (12%) | 11 (13%) | 1 (7%) | |
| Some college or more | 79 (77%) | 69 (78%) | 10 (67%) | 0.13 |
| Fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation) | ||||
| <LOD | 88 (85%) | 80 (91%) | 8 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 15 (15%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (47%) | < 0.01 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49 (48%) | 46 (53%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Female | 54 (52%) | 42 (48%) | 12 (80%) | P = 0.02 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,259 ± 535 | 3,328 ± 507 | 2,853 ± 529 | P < 0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth (wl) | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 38.9 ± 1.7 | P = 0.78 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months; n = 95) | ||||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age at follow-up visit (y) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | P = 0.37 |
| Childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (child cotinine at ~4.6 years; n = 96) | ||||
| <LOD | 74 (77%) | 67 (81%) | 7 (54%) | |
| ≥LOD | 22 (23%) | 16 (19%) | 6 (46%) | P = 0.03 |
Continuous variables are expressed as means ± SD. Independent samples t tests were used to examine the differences in means by cotinine categories. Categorical variables are expressed as proportions of column totals. χ 2 tests were used to examine differences in proportions by cotinine categories.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LOD, limit of detection.
aFetal exposure to cannabis was determined by the detection of twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. The categories of were as follows: exposed (any of the measured cannabinoids exceeded the LOD) and not exposed (all of cannabinoids measured were below the LOD).
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