Table 3. Open in new tab Trade, unions,...

Dependent variable: contraction dummy
\|$\Delta$\| trade	-0.003	0.097*	0.146***	0.105**	0.104**	0.080
	[0.011]	[0.055]	[0.051]	[0.052]	[0.052]	[0.058]
WTO	1.555**	1.594**	2.120***	1.744**	1.785**	2.423**
	[0.724]	[0.760]	[0.754]	[0.884]	[0.886]	[1.139]
\|$\Delta$\| trade \|$\times$\| WTO		-0.113	-0.146**	-0.234	-0.251	-0.468
		[0.072]	[0.057]	[0.284]	[0.287]	[0.355]
Log population				0.503***	0.490***	0.558***
				[0.143]	[0.150]	[0.210]
Log GDP per capita				0.549***	0.557***	0.140
				[0.188]	[0.205]	[0.412]
\|$\Delta$\| democracy					-0.106	-0.166
					[0.139]	[0.220]
Region FE	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Time FE	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	588	532	532	530	486	355
\|$R^{2}$\|	0.0381	0.0318	0.155	0.248	0.239	0.255

Dependent variable: contraction dummy
\|$\Delta$\| trade	-0.003	0.097*	0.146***	0.105**	0.104**	0.080
	[0.011]	[0.055]	[0.051]	[0.052]	[0.052]	[0.058]
WTO	1.555**	1.594**	2.120***	1.744**	1.785**	2.423**
	[0.724]	[0.760]	[0.754]	[0.884]	[0.886]	[1.139]
\|$\Delta$\| trade \|$\times$\| WTO		-0.113	-0.146**	-0.234	-0.251	-0.468
		[0.072]	[0.057]	[0.284]	[0.287]	[0.355]
Log population				0.503***	0.490***	0.558***
				[0.143]	[0.150]	[0.210]
Log GDP per capita				0.549***	0.557***	0.140
				[0.188]	[0.205]	[0.412]
\|$\Delta$\| democracy					-0.106	-0.166
					[0.139]	[0.220]
Region FE	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Time FE	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	588	532	532	530	486	355
\|$R^{2}$\|	0.0381	0.0318	0.155	0.248	0.239	0.255

Table 3.

Trade, unions, and territorial contraction.

Dependent variable: contraction dummy
	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
\|$\Delta$\| trade	-0.003	0.097*	0.146***	0.105**	0.104**	0.080
	[0.011]	[0.055]	[0.051]	[0.052]	[0.052]	[0.058]
WTO	1.555**	1.594**	2.120***	1.744**	1.785**	2.423**
	[0.724]	[0.760]	[0.754]	[0.884]	[0.886]	[1.139]
\|$\Delta$\| trade \|$\times$\| WTO		-0.113	-0.146**	-0.234	-0.251	-0.468
		[0.072]	[0.057]	[0.284]	[0.287]	[0.355]
Log population				0.503***	0.490***	0.558***
				[0.143]	[0.150]	[0.210]
Log GDP per capita				0.549***	0.557***	0.140
				[0.188]	[0.205]	[0.412]
\|$\Delta$\| democracy					-0.106	-0.166
					[0.139]	[0.220]
Region FE	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Time FE	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	588	532	532	530	486	355
\|$R^{2}$\|	0.0381	0.0318	0.155	0.248	0.239	0.255

Dependent variable: contraction dummy
	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945	Post-1945
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
\|$\Delta$\| trade	-0.003	0.097*	0.146***	0.105**	0.104**	0.080
	[0.011]	[0.055]	[0.051]	[0.052]	[0.052]	[0.058]
WTO	1.555**	1.594**	2.120***	1.744**	1.785**	2.423**
	[0.724]	[0.760]	[0.754]	[0.884]	[0.886]	[1.139]
\|$\Delta$\| trade \|$\times$\| WTO		-0.113	-0.146**	-0.234	-0.251	-0.468
		[0.072]	[0.057]	[0.284]	[0.287]	[0.355]
Log population				0.503***	0.490***	0.558***
				[0.143]	[0.150]	[0.210]
Log GDP per capita				0.549***	0.557***	0.140
				[0.188]	[0.205]	[0.412]
\|$\Delta$\| democracy					-0.106	-0.166
					[0.139]	[0.220]
Region FE	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Time FE	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	588	532	532	530	486	355
\|$R^{2}$\|	0.0381	0.0318	0.155	0.248	0.239	0.255

Notes: All observations refer to 10-year periods. The dependent variable is a dummy equal to 1 if the country’s land area contracted over the decade and 0 otherwise. WTO is a dummy for membership of the WTO/GATT. |$\Delta$| trade and |$\Delta$| democracy are changes over the previous decade. All other variables are measured at the beginning of each decade. Constant always included and pseudo-|${}R^{2}$| reported. Standard errors, clustered by country, in brackets. *, **, and *** denote significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.

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