Table 1. Open in new tab Descriptive...

	Countries	Land area	Expansion	Contraction	WTO	\|$\Delta$\| trade
1870–1880	43	738,564	0.233	0.023	0.000	0.280	0.421
1880–1890	45	687,672	0.244	0.044	0.000	0.271	0.430
1890–1900	46	674,440	0.217	0.109	0.000	0.084	0.303
1900–1910	46	670,962	0.087	0.130	0.000	0.403	0.346
1910–1920	47	681,729	0.234	0.085	0.000	1.410	1.262
1920–1930	55	604,987	0.164	0.073	0.000	0.466	1.041
1950–1960	73	536,990	0.041	0.068	0.425	0.880	0.971
1960–1970	102	450,449	0.010	0.049	0.564	1.043	1.268
1970–1980	127	377,772	0.024	0.055	0.591	4.613	4.504
1980–1990	149	274,399	0.020	0.020	0.624	0.276	0.668
1990–2000	158	257,461	0.006	0.019	0.800	1.851	14.732
2000–2010	169	294,461	0.006	0.012	0.845	1.698	1.327

	Countries	Land area	Expansion	Contraction	WTO	\|$\Delta$\| trade
1870–1880	43	738,564	0.233	0.023	0.000	0.280	0.421
1880–1890	45	687,672	0.244	0.044	0.000	0.271	0.430
1890–1900	46	674,440	0.217	0.109	0.000	0.084	0.303
1900–1910	46	670,962	0.087	0.130	0.000	0.403	0.346
1910–1920	47	681,729	0.234	0.085	0.000	1.410	1.262
1920–1930	55	604,987	0.164	0.073	0.000	0.466	1.041
1950–1960	73	536,990	0.041	0.068	0.425	0.880	0.971
1960–1970	102	450,449	0.010	0.049	0.564	1.043	1.268
1970–1980	127	377,772	0.024	0.055	0.591	4.613	4.504
1980–1990	149	274,399	0.020	0.020	0.624	0.276	0.668
1990–2000	158	257,461	0.006	0.019	0.800	1.851	14.732
2000–2010	169	294,461	0.006	0.012	0.845	1.698	1.327

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics.

	Countries	Land area	Expansion	Contraction	WTO	\|$\Delta$\| trade
Period	number	mean	mean	mean	mean	mean	std. dev.
1870–1880	43	738,564	0.233	0.023	0.000	0.280	0.421
1880–1890	45	687,672	0.244	0.044	0.000	0.271	0.430
1890–1900	46	674,440	0.217	0.109	0.000	0.084	0.303
1900–1910	46	670,962	0.087	0.130	0.000	0.403	0.346
1910–1920	47	681,729	0.234	0.085	0.000	1.410	1.262
1920–1930	55	604,987	0.164	0.073	0.000	0.466	1.041
1950–1960	73	536,990	0.041	0.068	0.425	0.880	0.971
1960–1970	102	450,449	0.010	0.049	0.564	1.043	1.268
1970–1980	127	377,772	0.024	0.055	0.591	4.613	4.504
1980–1990	149	274,399	0.020	0.020	0.624	0.276	0.668
1990–2000	158	257,461	0.006	0.019	0.800	1.851	14.732
2000–2010	169	294,461	0.006	0.012	0.845	1.698	1.327

	Countries	Land area	Expansion	Contraction	WTO	\|$\Delta$\| trade
Period	number	mean	mean	mean	mean	mean	std. dev.
1870–1880	43	738,564	0.233	0.023	0.000	0.280	0.421
1880–1890	45	687,672	0.244	0.044	0.000	0.271	0.430
1890–1900	46	674,440	0.217	0.109	0.000	0.084	0.303
1900–1910	46	670,962	0.087	0.130	0.000	0.403	0.346
1910–1920	47	681,729	0.234	0.085	0.000	1.410	1.262
1920–1930	55	604,987	0.164	0.073	0.000	0.466	1.041
1950–1960	73	536,990	0.041	0.068	0.425	0.880	0.971
1960–1970	102	450,449	0.010	0.049	0.564	1.043	1.268
1970–1980	127	377,772	0.024	0.055	0.591	4.613	4.504
1980–1990	149	274,399	0.020	0.020	0.624	0.276	0.668
1990–2000	158	257,461	0.006	0.019	0.800	1.851	14.732
2000–2010	169	294,461	0.006	0.012	0.845	1.698	1.327

Notes: Countries and land area are measured at the beginning of each decade. Land area is expressed in thousand square miles. Expansion and contraction are dummies taking value 1 if the land area of an existing country expandend or contracted, respectively, over the decade. WTO is a dummy taking value 1 if a country is a member of GATT/WTO at the beginning of each decade.

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