Notes: Linear probability model estimates; (d) for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1. The dependent variable is a dummy for wrong calls among penalties and goals that should have been awarded. Debatable decisions are excluded. Control variables include a dummy for the home team, previous wrong decisions (separated by unfavorable and favorable ones for the affected and unaffected team), type of the situation (goal or penalty), the last 10 min of the game (except when other play time indicators are included), closeness of the game, and stadiums with running tracks. Furthermore, they include referee experience (except when tenure details are included) and average performance in the season, decisiveness of the call, and the number of spectators. Tenure refers to years as a Bundesliga referee. Play time is measured in minutes. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the game level.

p < 0.01,

p < 0.05,

p < 0.1.