| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Referee avg. performance (season) | −0.1047*** | −0.1532*** | −0.2032*** | −0.1674*** | |
| (0.0310) | (0.0457) | (0.0472) | (0.0465) | ||
| DFB cup referee (d) | −0.0436 | 0.0936 | 0.0687 | 0.1365*** | |
| (0.0724) | (0.0903) | (0.0615) | (0.0465) | ||
| International referee (d) | −0.0776 | −0.0023 | 0.0272 | 0.0041 | |
| (0.1124) | (0.0535) | (0.0372) | (0.0298) | ||
| Age | 0.0109 | 0.0209 | 0.0311*** | 0.0251 | |
| (0.0087) | (0.0139) | (0.0119) | (0.0167) | ||
| PG: Type II errors | −0.0789 | } p = 0.1125 | |||
| (0.1219) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors | −0.5050* | ||||
| (0.2855) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT ahead) | 0.0819 | } p = 0.1299 | |||
| (0.0682) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT behind) | −0.4281** | ||||
| (0.2090) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT ahead) | −0.1714 | } p = 0.0007 | |||
| (0.2274) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT behind) | −1.4865*** | ||||
| (0.3692) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members ahead) | −0.0526 | } p = 0.7423 | |||
| (0.0726) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members behind) | 0.0253 | ||||
| (0.2392) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members ahead) | −0.0341 | } p = 0.1418 | |||
| (0.0999) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members behind) | −3.4657** | ||||
| (1.7507) | |||||
| Tenure FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| N | 207 | 207 | 207 | 207 | |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Referee avg. performance (season) | −0.1047*** | −0.1532*** | −0.2032*** | −0.1674*** | |
| (0.0310) | (0.0457) | (0.0472) | (0.0465) | ||
| DFB cup referee (d) | −0.0436 | 0.0936 | 0.0687 | 0.1365*** | |
| (0.0724) | (0.0903) | (0.0615) | (0.0465) | ||
| International referee (d) | −0.0776 | −0.0023 | 0.0272 | 0.0041 | |
| (0.1124) | (0.0535) | (0.0372) | (0.0298) | ||
| Age | 0.0109 | 0.0209 | 0.0311*** | 0.0251 | |
| (0.0087) | (0.0139) | (0.0119) | (0.0167) | ||
| PG: Type II errors | −0.0789 | } p = 0.1125 | |||
| (0.1219) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors | −0.5050* | ||||
| (0.2855) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT ahead) | 0.0819 | } p = 0.1299 | |||
| (0.0682) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT behind) | −0.4281** | ||||
| (0.2090) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT ahead) | −0.1714 | } p = 0.0007 | |||
| (0.2274) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT behind) | −1.4865*** | ||||
| (0.3692) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members ahead) | −0.0526 | } p = 0.7423 | |||
| (0.0726) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members behind) | 0.0253 | ||||
| (0.2392) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members ahead) | −0.0341 | } p = 0.1418 | |||
| (0.0999) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members behind) | −3.4657** | ||||
| (1.7507) | |||||
| Tenure FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| N | 207 | 207 | 207 | 207 | |
Notes: Complementary log–log estimates; average marginal effects; (d) for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1. The dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if a referee left the pool of active referees in a given season. Referees at the age limit are excluded. We furthermore exclude one referee as he was suspended due to connections to a betting scandal. The control variables measure average performance in the season—in standard deviations and with mean 0, whether a referee was also refereeing in the DFB Cup (German National Cup) or internationally (Champions League or Euro League), and the average age in the season. Tenure-fixed effects take the role of mixed proportional hazards. The last column presents the p-value for test of equality for the indicated coefficients. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the referee level.
p < 0.01,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.1.
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Referee avg. performance (season) | −0.1047*** | −0.1532*** | −0.2032*** | −0.1674*** | |
| (0.0310) | (0.0457) | (0.0472) | (0.0465) | ||
| DFB cup referee (d) | −0.0436 | 0.0936 | 0.0687 | 0.1365*** | |
| (0.0724) | (0.0903) | (0.0615) | (0.0465) | ||
| International referee (d) | −0.0776 | −0.0023 | 0.0272 | 0.0041 | |
| (0.1124) | (0.0535) | (0.0372) | (0.0298) | ||
| Age | 0.0109 | 0.0209 | 0.0311*** | 0.0251 | |
| (0.0087) | (0.0139) | (0.0119) | (0.0167) | ||
| PG: Type II errors | −0.0789 | } p = 0.1125 | |||
| (0.1219) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors | −0.5050* | ||||
| (0.2855) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT ahead) | 0.0819 | } p = 0.1299 | |||
| (0.0682) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT behind) | −0.4281** | ||||
| (0.2090) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT ahead) | −0.1714 | } p = 0.0007 | |||
| (0.2274) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT behind) | −1.4865*** | ||||
| (0.3692) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members ahead) | −0.0526 | } p = 0.7423 | |||
| (0.0726) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members behind) | 0.0253 | ||||
| (0.2392) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members ahead) | −0.0341 | } p = 0.1418 | |||
| (0.0999) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members behind) | −3.4657** | ||||
| (1.7507) | |||||
| Tenure FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| N | 207 | 207 | 207 | 207 | |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Referee avg. performance (season) | −0.1047*** | −0.1532*** | −0.2032*** | −0.1674*** | |
| (0.0310) | (0.0457) | (0.0472) | (0.0465) | ||
| DFB cup referee (d) | −0.0436 | 0.0936 | 0.0687 | 0.1365*** | |
| (0.0724) | (0.0903) | (0.0615) | (0.0465) | ||
| International referee (d) | −0.0776 | −0.0023 | 0.0272 | 0.0041 | |
| (0.1124) | (0.0535) | (0.0372) | (0.0298) | ||
| Age | 0.0109 | 0.0209 | 0.0311*** | 0.0251 | |
| (0.0087) | (0.0139) | (0.0119) | (0.0167) | ||
| PG: Type II errors | −0.0789 | } p = 0.1125 | |||
| (0.1219) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors | −0.5050* | ||||
| (0.2855) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT ahead) | 0.0819 | } p = 0.1299 | |||
| (0.0682) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (ATT behind) | −0.4281** | ||||
| (0.2090) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT ahead) | −0.1714 | } p = 0.0007 | |||
| (0.2274) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (ATT behind) | −1.4865*** | ||||
| (0.3692) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members ahead) | −0.0526 | } p = 0.7423 | |||
| (0.0726) | |||||
| PG: Type II errors (members behind) | 0.0253 | ||||
| (0.2392) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members ahead) | −0.0341 | } p = 0.1418 | |||
| (0.0999) | |||||
| PG: Type I errors (members behind) | −3.4657** | ||||
| (1.7507) | |||||
| Tenure FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| N | 207 | 207 | 207 | 207 | |
Notes: Complementary log–log estimates; average marginal effects; (d) for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1. The dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if a referee left the pool of active referees in a given season. Referees at the age limit are excluded. We furthermore exclude one referee as he was suspended due to connections to a betting scandal. The control variables measure average performance in the season—in standard deviations and with mean 0, whether a referee was also refereeing in the DFB Cup (German National Cup) or internationally (Champions League or Euro League), and the average age in the season. Tenure-fixed effects take the role of mixed proportional hazards. The last column presents the p-value for test of equality for the indicated coefficients. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the referee level.
p < 0.01,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.1.
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