| Characteristic . | Total (N = 709) . | Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 452) . | Cryptococcus gattii (n = 257) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | ||||
| Australia | 82 (11.9) | 15 (3.3) | 67 (26.1) | <.0001 |
| British Columbia | 111 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 111 (46.2) | |
| Duke University Medical Center | 178 (25.9) | 178 (39.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Oregon/Washington | 112 (16.3) | 34 (7.5) | 78 (30.4) | |
| University of Alabama | 226 (31.9) | 225 (49.8) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.2 | 49.0 ± 15.7 | 52.5 ± 16.9 | .0064 |
| Time to diagnosis from symptom onset, d, mean ± SD | 41.7 ± 65.5 | 36.0 ± 68.7 | 52.2 ± 57.7 | .0032 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 432 (61.4) | 295 (66.0) | 137 (53.3) | .0009 |
| Female | 272 (38.6) | 152 (34.0) | 120 (46.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American | 197 (27.8) | 192 (42.5) | 5 (2.0) | <.0001 |
| White | 371 (52.3) | 233 (51.6) | 138 (53.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 (3.5) | 7 (1.6) | 18 (7.0) | |
| Aboriginal | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (7.8) | |
| Other | 16 (2.3) | 13 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Unknown | 80 (11.3) | 7 (1.6) | 73 (28.4) | |
| Site of infectiona | ||||
| Central nervous system | 419 (59.1) | 291 (64.4) | 128 (49.8) | .0001 |
| Pulmonary | 301 (42.5) | 145 (32.1) | 156 (60.7) | <.0001 |
| Blood | 174 (24.5) | 154 (34.1) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Skin | 18 (2.5) | 18 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | .0012 |
| Bone or joint | 11 (1.6) | 9 (2.0) | 2 (0.8) | .34 |
| Soft tissue | 13 (1.8) | 12 (2.7) | 1 (0.4) | .039 |
| Prostate | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | .54 |
| Disseminatedb | 493 (69.5) | 353 (78.1) | 140 (54.5) | <.0001 |
| Other | 21 (3.0) | 18 (4.0) | 3 (1.2) | .034 |
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| None | 150 (21.2) | 46 (10.2) | 104 (40.5) | <.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 242 (34.1) | 174 (38.5) | 68 (26.5) | .0012 |
| HIV | 183 (25.8) | 174 (38.5) | 9 (3.5) | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 44.3 | 25.3 ± 39.3 | 93.7 ± 71.8 | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, median (IQR) | 11 (5–32) | 10 (5–27) | 80 (40–160) | <.0018 |
| Solid organ transplant | 129 (18.2) | 113 (25.0) | 16 (6.2) | <.0001 |
| Lung | 19 (2.7) | 15 (3.3) | 4 (1.6) | .16 |
| Heart | 23 (3.2) | 22 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | .0012 |
| Liver | 20 (2.8) | 19 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) | .0032 |
| Kidney | 70 (9.9) | 60 (13.3) | 10 (3.9) | <.0001 |
| Pancreas | 6 (0.9) | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | .092 |
| Stem cell transplant | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | >.99 |
| Malignancyc | 102 (14.4) | 53 (11.7) | 49 (19.1) | .0074 |
| Hematologic | 49 (6.9) | 31 (6.9) | 18 (7.0) | .94 |
| Nonhematologic | 61 (8.6) | 26 (5.8) | 35 (13.6) | .0003 |
| Lymphoma | 27 (3.8) | 16 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | .62 |
| Leukemia | 20 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 9 (3.5) | .41 |
| Neutropenia | 9 (1.3) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (2.7) | .013 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 31 (4.4) | 18 (4.0) | 13 (5.1) | .50 |
| Lupus | 7 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.6) | .25 |
| End-stage renal disease | 19 (2.7) | 16 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | .060 |
| Renal insufficiency | 102 (14.4) | 82 (18.1) | 20 (7.8) | .0002 |
| Diabetes | 116 (16.4) | 78 (17.3) | 38 (14.8) | .39 |
| Sarcoidosis | 14 (2.0) | 11 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | .24 |
| Liver disease | 53 (7.5) | 32 (7.1) | 21 (8.2) | .60 |
| Cirrhosis | 32 (4.5) | 23 (5.1) | 9 (3.5) | .33 |
| Chronic lung diseased | 95 (13.4) | 38 (8.4) | 57 (22.2) | <.0001 |
| COPD | 27 (3.8) | 7 (1.6) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy (among females) | 8 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 4 (3.3) | .73 |
| Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.8) | .30 |
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 709) . | Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 452) . | Cryptococcus gattii (n = 257) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | ||||
| Australia | 82 (11.9) | 15 (3.3) | 67 (26.1) | <.0001 |
| British Columbia | 111 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 111 (46.2) | |
| Duke University Medical Center | 178 (25.9) | 178 (39.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Oregon/Washington | 112 (16.3) | 34 (7.5) | 78 (30.4) | |
| University of Alabama | 226 (31.9) | 225 (49.8) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.2 | 49.0 ± 15.7 | 52.5 ± 16.9 | .0064 |
| Time to diagnosis from symptom onset, d, mean ± SD | 41.7 ± 65.5 | 36.0 ± 68.7 | 52.2 ± 57.7 | .0032 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 432 (61.4) | 295 (66.0) | 137 (53.3) | .0009 |
| Female | 272 (38.6) | 152 (34.0) | 120 (46.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American | 197 (27.8) | 192 (42.5) | 5 (2.0) | <.0001 |
| White | 371 (52.3) | 233 (51.6) | 138 (53.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 (3.5) | 7 (1.6) | 18 (7.0) | |
| Aboriginal | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (7.8) | |
| Other | 16 (2.3) | 13 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Unknown | 80 (11.3) | 7 (1.6) | 73 (28.4) | |
| Site of infectiona | ||||
| Central nervous system | 419 (59.1) | 291 (64.4) | 128 (49.8) | .0001 |
| Pulmonary | 301 (42.5) | 145 (32.1) | 156 (60.7) | <.0001 |
| Blood | 174 (24.5) | 154 (34.1) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Skin | 18 (2.5) | 18 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | .0012 |
| Bone or joint | 11 (1.6) | 9 (2.0) | 2 (0.8) | .34 |
| Soft tissue | 13 (1.8) | 12 (2.7) | 1 (0.4) | .039 |
| Prostate | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | .54 |
| Disseminatedb | 493 (69.5) | 353 (78.1) | 140 (54.5) | <.0001 |
| Other | 21 (3.0) | 18 (4.0) | 3 (1.2) | .034 |
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| None | 150 (21.2) | 46 (10.2) | 104 (40.5) | <.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 242 (34.1) | 174 (38.5) | 68 (26.5) | .0012 |
| HIV | 183 (25.8) | 174 (38.5) | 9 (3.5) | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 44.3 | 25.3 ± 39.3 | 93.7 ± 71.8 | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, median (IQR) | 11 (5–32) | 10 (5–27) | 80 (40–160) | <.0018 |
| Solid organ transplant | 129 (18.2) | 113 (25.0) | 16 (6.2) | <.0001 |
| Lung | 19 (2.7) | 15 (3.3) | 4 (1.6) | .16 |
| Heart | 23 (3.2) | 22 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | .0012 |
| Liver | 20 (2.8) | 19 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) | .0032 |
| Kidney | 70 (9.9) | 60 (13.3) | 10 (3.9) | <.0001 |
| Pancreas | 6 (0.9) | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | .092 |
| Stem cell transplant | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | >.99 |
| Malignancyc | 102 (14.4) | 53 (11.7) | 49 (19.1) | .0074 |
| Hematologic | 49 (6.9) | 31 (6.9) | 18 (7.0) | .94 |
| Nonhematologic | 61 (8.6) | 26 (5.8) | 35 (13.6) | .0003 |
| Lymphoma | 27 (3.8) | 16 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | .62 |
| Leukemia | 20 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 9 (3.5) | .41 |
| Neutropenia | 9 (1.3) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (2.7) | .013 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 31 (4.4) | 18 (4.0) | 13 (5.1) | .50 |
| Lupus | 7 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.6) | .25 |
| End-stage renal disease | 19 (2.7) | 16 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | .060 |
| Renal insufficiency | 102 (14.4) | 82 (18.1) | 20 (7.8) | .0002 |
| Diabetes | 116 (16.4) | 78 (17.3) | 38 (14.8) | .39 |
| Sarcoidosis | 14 (2.0) | 11 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | .24 |
| Liver disease | 53 (7.5) | 32 (7.1) | 21 (8.2) | .60 |
| Cirrhosis | 32 (4.5) | 23 (5.1) | 9 (3.5) | .33 |
| Chronic lung diseased | 95 (13.4) | 38 (8.4) | 57 (22.2) | <.0001 |
| COPD | 27 (3.8) | 7 (1.6) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy (among females) | 8 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 4 (3.3) | .73 |
| Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.8) | .30 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. Analysis of variance or Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and χ 2 or Fisher exact tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
aRepresents number of patients who had infection at that the site. Patients may have involvement of >1 site and may be represented more than once.
bPatients may have >1 extrapulmonary site.
cMalignancy was defined as cancer diagnosed or treated within 6 months prior to diagnosis of cryptococcosis or recurrent/metastatic cancer.
dIncludes asthma, COPD, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, chronic bronchitis, chronic lung disease, cystic fibrosis, end-stage lung disease, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, and reactive airway disease.
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 709) . | Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 452) . | Cryptococcus gattii (n = 257) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | ||||
| Australia | 82 (11.9) | 15 (3.3) | 67 (26.1) | <.0001 |
| British Columbia | 111 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 111 (46.2) | |
| Duke University Medical Center | 178 (25.9) | 178 (39.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Oregon/Washington | 112 (16.3) | 34 (7.5) | 78 (30.4) | |
| University of Alabama | 226 (31.9) | 225 (49.8) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.2 | 49.0 ± 15.7 | 52.5 ± 16.9 | .0064 |
| Time to diagnosis from symptom onset, d, mean ± SD | 41.7 ± 65.5 | 36.0 ± 68.7 | 52.2 ± 57.7 | .0032 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 432 (61.4) | 295 (66.0) | 137 (53.3) | .0009 |
| Female | 272 (38.6) | 152 (34.0) | 120 (46.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American | 197 (27.8) | 192 (42.5) | 5 (2.0) | <.0001 |
| White | 371 (52.3) | 233 (51.6) | 138 (53.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 (3.5) | 7 (1.6) | 18 (7.0) | |
| Aboriginal | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (7.8) | |
| Other | 16 (2.3) | 13 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Unknown | 80 (11.3) | 7 (1.6) | 73 (28.4) | |
| Site of infectiona | ||||
| Central nervous system | 419 (59.1) | 291 (64.4) | 128 (49.8) | .0001 |
| Pulmonary | 301 (42.5) | 145 (32.1) | 156 (60.7) | <.0001 |
| Blood | 174 (24.5) | 154 (34.1) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Skin | 18 (2.5) | 18 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | .0012 |
| Bone or joint | 11 (1.6) | 9 (2.0) | 2 (0.8) | .34 |
| Soft tissue | 13 (1.8) | 12 (2.7) | 1 (0.4) | .039 |
| Prostate | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | .54 |
| Disseminatedb | 493 (69.5) | 353 (78.1) | 140 (54.5) | <.0001 |
| Other | 21 (3.0) | 18 (4.0) | 3 (1.2) | .034 |
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| None | 150 (21.2) | 46 (10.2) | 104 (40.5) | <.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 242 (34.1) | 174 (38.5) | 68 (26.5) | .0012 |
| HIV | 183 (25.8) | 174 (38.5) | 9 (3.5) | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 44.3 | 25.3 ± 39.3 | 93.7 ± 71.8 | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, median (IQR) | 11 (5–32) | 10 (5–27) | 80 (40–160) | <.0018 |
| Solid organ transplant | 129 (18.2) | 113 (25.0) | 16 (6.2) | <.0001 |
| Lung | 19 (2.7) | 15 (3.3) | 4 (1.6) | .16 |
| Heart | 23 (3.2) | 22 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | .0012 |
| Liver | 20 (2.8) | 19 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) | .0032 |
| Kidney | 70 (9.9) | 60 (13.3) | 10 (3.9) | <.0001 |
| Pancreas | 6 (0.9) | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | .092 |
| Stem cell transplant | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | >.99 |
| Malignancyc | 102 (14.4) | 53 (11.7) | 49 (19.1) | .0074 |
| Hematologic | 49 (6.9) | 31 (6.9) | 18 (7.0) | .94 |
| Nonhematologic | 61 (8.6) | 26 (5.8) | 35 (13.6) | .0003 |
| Lymphoma | 27 (3.8) | 16 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | .62 |
| Leukemia | 20 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 9 (3.5) | .41 |
| Neutropenia | 9 (1.3) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (2.7) | .013 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 31 (4.4) | 18 (4.0) | 13 (5.1) | .50 |
| Lupus | 7 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.6) | .25 |
| End-stage renal disease | 19 (2.7) | 16 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | .060 |
| Renal insufficiency | 102 (14.4) | 82 (18.1) | 20 (7.8) | .0002 |
| Diabetes | 116 (16.4) | 78 (17.3) | 38 (14.8) | .39 |
| Sarcoidosis | 14 (2.0) | 11 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | .24 |
| Liver disease | 53 (7.5) | 32 (7.1) | 21 (8.2) | .60 |
| Cirrhosis | 32 (4.5) | 23 (5.1) | 9 (3.5) | .33 |
| Chronic lung diseased | 95 (13.4) | 38 (8.4) | 57 (22.2) | <.0001 |
| COPD | 27 (3.8) | 7 (1.6) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy (among females) | 8 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 4 (3.3) | .73 |
| Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.8) | .30 |
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 709) . | Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 452) . | Cryptococcus gattii (n = 257) . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | ||||
| Australia | 82 (11.9) | 15 (3.3) | 67 (26.1) | <.0001 |
| British Columbia | 111 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 111 (46.2) | |
| Duke University Medical Center | 178 (25.9) | 178 (39.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Oregon/Washington | 112 (16.3) | 34 (7.5) | 78 (30.4) | |
| University of Alabama | 226 (31.9) | 225 (49.8) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.2 | 49.0 ± 15.7 | 52.5 ± 16.9 | .0064 |
| Time to diagnosis from symptom onset, d, mean ± SD | 41.7 ± 65.5 | 36.0 ± 68.7 | 52.2 ± 57.7 | .0032 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 432 (61.4) | 295 (66.0) | 137 (53.3) | .0009 |
| Female | 272 (38.6) | 152 (34.0) | 120 (46.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American | 197 (27.8) | 192 (42.5) | 5 (2.0) | <.0001 |
| White | 371 (52.3) | 233 (51.6) | 138 (53.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 (3.5) | 7 (1.6) | 18 (7.0) | |
| Aboriginal | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (7.8) | |
| Other | 16 (2.3) | 13 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Unknown | 80 (11.3) | 7 (1.6) | 73 (28.4) | |
| Site of infectiona | ||||
| Central nervous system | 419 (59.1) | 291 (64.4) | 128 (49.8) | .0001 |
| Pulmonary | 301 (42.5) | 145 (32.1) | 156 (60.7) | <.0001 |
| Blood | 174 (24.5) | 154 (34.1) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Skin | 18 (2.5) | 18 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | .0012 |
| Bone or joint | 11 (1.6) | 9 (2.0) | 2 (0.8) | .34 |
| Soft tissue | 13 (1.8) | 12 (2.7) | 1 (0.4) | .039 |
| Prostate | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | .54 |
| Disseminatedb | 493 (69.5) | 353 (78.1) | 140 (54.5) | <.0001 |
| Other | 21 (3.0) | 18 (4.0) | 3 (1.2) | .034 |
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| None | 150 (21.2) | 46 (10.2) | 104 (40.5) | <.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 242 (34.1) | 174 (38.5) | 68 (26.5) | .0012 |
| HIV | 183 (25.8) | 174 (38.5) | 9 (3.5) | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 44.3 | 25.3 ± 39.3 | 93.7 ± 71.8 | <.0001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, median (IQR) | 11 (5–32) | 10 (5–27) | 80 (40–160) | <.0018 |
| Solid organ transplant | 129 (18.2) | 113 (25.0) | 16 (6.2) | <.0001 |
| Lung | 19 (2.7) | 15 (3.3) | 4 (1.6) | .16 |
| Heart | 23 (3.2) | 22 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | .0012 |
| Liver | 20 (2.8) | 19 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) | .0032 |
| Kidney | 70 (9.9) | 60 (13.3) | 10 (3.9) | <.0001 |
| Pancreas | 6 (0.9) | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | .092 |
| Stem cell transplant | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | >.99 |
| Malignancyc | 102 (14.4) | 53 (11.7) | 49 (19.1) | .0074 |
| Hematologic | 49 (6.9) | 31 (6.9) | 18 (7.0) | .94 |
| Nonhematologic | 61 (8.6) | 26 (5.8) | 35 (13.6) | .0003 |
| Lymphoma | 27 (3.8) | 16 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | .62 |
| Leukemia | 20 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 9 (3.5) | .41 |
| Neutropenia | 9 (1.3) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (2.7) | .013 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 31 (4.4) | 18 (4.0) | 13 (5.1) | .50 |
| Lupus | 7 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.6) | .25 |
| End-stage renal disease | 19 (2.7) | 16 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | .060 |
| Renal insufficiency | 102 (14.4) | 82 (18.1) | 20 (7.8) | .0002 |
| Diabetes | 116 (16.4) | 78 (17.3) | 38 (14.8) | .39 |
| Sarcoidosis | 14 (2.0) | 11 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | .24 |
| Liver disease | 53 (7.5) | 32 (7.1) | 21 (8.2) | .60 |
| Cirrhosis | 32 (4.5) | 23 (5.1) | 9 (3.5) | .33 |
| Chronic lung diseased | 95 (13.4) | 38 (8.4) | 57 (22.2) | <.0001 |
| COPD | 27 (3.8) | 7 (1.6) | 20 (7.8) | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy (among females) | 8 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 4 (3.3) | .73 |
| Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.8) | .30 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. Analysis of variance or Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and χ 2 or Fisher exact tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
aRepresents number of patients who had infection at that the site. Patients may have involvement of >1 site and may be represented more than once.
bPatients may have >1 extrapulmonary site.
cMalignancy was defined as cancer diagnosed or treated within 6 months prior to diagnosis of cryptococcosis or recurrent/metastatic cancer.
dIncludes asthma, COPD, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, chronic bronchitis, chronic lung disease, cystic fibrosis, end-stage lung disease, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, and reactive airway disease.
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