Table 1. Open in new tab Results of...

	Negative affect	Positive affect
Fixed effects
Intercept	0.18	0.01	<.001	[0.15, 0.20]	2.87	0.04	<.001	[2.79, 2.96]
Within-person level
Prior day’s affect (negative or positive)	0.03	0.01	0.001	[0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.01	0.194	[−0.01, 0.03]
Consecutive sleep loss (linear)	0.08	0.01	<.001	[0.06, 0.10]	−0.11	0.02	<.001	[−0.15, −0.07]
Consecutive sleep loss²(quadratic)	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.03	0.01	0.009	[0.01, 0.05]
Consecutive sleep loss³(cubic)	0.002	0.001	<.001	[0.001, 0.003]	−0.002	0.001	0.060	[−0.004, 0.0001]
Weekend (vs. weekdays)	−0.03	0.004	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.04	0.01	<.001	[0.03, 0.06]
Between-person level
Average sleep duration	0.00	0.01	0.448	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.02	0.506	[−0.02, 0.04]
Age	−0.003	0.0004	<.001	[−0.003, −0.002]	0.01	0.001	<.001	[0.01, 0.01]
Male (vs. female)	−0.03	0.01	0.001	[−0.05, −0.01]	0.02	0.03	0.584	[−0.04, 0.08]
White (vs. non-White)	0.01	0.01	0.656	[−0.02, 0.04]	−0.15	0.04	<.001	[−0.23, −0.06]
Education	0.00	0.002	0.041	[0.0002, 0.01]	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]
Workers (vs. non-workers)	0.11	0.01	<.001	[0.09, 0.12]	−0.10	0.02	<.001	[−0.13, −0.07]
Physical health	−0.06	0.01	<.001	[−0.07, −0.05]	0.21	0.02	<.001	[0.18, 0.24]
Number of missed diary days	0.01	0.01	0.028	[0.002, 0.03]	0.00	0.02	0.791	[−0.03, 0.04]
Random effects
Person level variance	0.04	0.002	<.001		0.42	0.01	<.001
Residual variance	0.04	0.001	<.001		0.14	0.00	<.001

Negative affect

Positive affect

p-value

95% CI

p-value

95% CI

Fixed effects

Intercept

0.18

0.01

<.001

[0.15, 0.20]

2.87

0.04

<.001

[2.79, 2.96]

Within-person level

Prior day’s affect (negative or positive)

0.03

0.01

0.001

[0.01, 0.05]

0.01

0.194

[−0.01, 0.03]

Consecutive sleep loss (linear)

0.08

0.01

<.001

[0.06, 0.10]

−0.11

0.02

<.001

[−0.15, −0.07]

Consecutive sleep loss²(quadratic)

−0.03

0.01

<.001

[−0.04, −0.02]

0.03

0.01

0.009

[0.01, 0.05]

Consecutive sleep loss³(cubic)

0.002

0.001

<.001

[0.001, 0.003]

−0.002

0.001

0.060

[−0.004, 0.0001]

Weekend (vs. weekdays)

−0.03

0.004

<.001

[−0.04, −0.02]

0.04

0.01

<.001

[0.03, 0.06]

Between-person level

Average sleep duration

0.00

0.01

0.448

[−0.01, 0.01]

0.01

0.02

0.506

[−0.02, 0.04]

Age

−0.003

0.0004

<.001

[−0.003, −0.002]

0.01

0.001

<.001

[0.01, 0.01]

Male (vs. female)

−0.03

0.01

0.001

[−0.05, −0.01]

0.02

0.03

0.584

[−0.04, 0.08]

White (vs. non-White)

0.01

0.656

[−0.02, 0.04]

−0.15

0.04

<.001

[−0.23, −0.06]

Education

0.00

0.002

0.041

[0.0002, 0.01]

−0.03

0.01

<.001

[−0.04, −0.02]

Workers (vs. non-workers)

0.11

0.01

<.001

[0.09, 0.12]

−0.10

0.02

<.001

[−0.13, −0.07]

Physical health

−0.06

0.01

<.001

[−0.07, −0.05]

0.21

0.02

<.001

[0.18, 0.24]

Number of missed diary days

0.01

0.028

[0.002, 0.03]

0.00

0.02

0.791

[−0.03, 0.04]

Random effects

Person level variance

0.04

0.002

<.001

0.42

0.01

<.001

Residual variance

0.04

0.001

<.001

0.14

0.00

<.001

	Negative affect	Positive affect
Fixed effects
Intercept	0.18	0.01	<.001	[0.15, 0.20]	2.87	0.04	<.001	[2.79, 2.96]
Within-person level
Prior day’s affect (negative or positive)	0.03	0.01	0.001	[0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.01	0.194	[−0.01, 0.03]
Consecutive sleep loss (linear)	0.08	0.01	<.001	[0.06, 0.10]	−0.11	0.02	<.001	[−0.15, −0.07]
Consecutive sleep loss²(quadratic)	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.03	0.01	0.009	[0.01, 0.05]
Consecutive sleep loss³(cubic)	0.002	0.001	<.001	[0.001, 0.003]	−0.002	0.001	0.060	[−0.004, 0.0001]
Weekend (vs. weekdays)	−0.03	0.004	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.04	0.01	<.001	[0.03, 0.06]
Between-person level
Average sleep duration	0.00	0.01	0.448	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.02	0.506	[−0.02, 0.04]
Age	−0.003	0.0004	<.001	[−0.003, −0.002]	0.01	0.001	<.001	[0.01, 0.01]
Male (vs. female)	−0.03	0.01	0.001	[−0.05, −0.01]	0.02	0.03	0.584	[−0.04, 0.08]
White (vs. non-White)	0.01	0.01	0.656	[−0.02, 0.04]	−0.15	0.04	<.001	[−0.23, −0.06]
Education	0.00	0.002	0.041	[0.0002, 0.01]	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]
Workers (vs. non-workers)	0.11	0.01	<.001	[0.09, 0.12]	−0.10	0.02	<.001	[−0.13, −0.07]
Physical health	−0.06	0.01	<.001	[−0.07, −0.05]	0.21	0.02	<.001	[0.18, 0.24]
Number of missed diary days	0.01	0.01	0.028	[0.002, 0.03]	0.00	0.02	0.791	[−0.03, 0.04]
Random effects
Person level variance	0.04	0.002	<.001		0.42	0.01	<.001
Residual variance	0.04	0.001	<.001		0.14	0.00	<.001

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Results of Multilevel Models Examining the Trajectories of Daily Affective Well-Being Associated with Consecutive Sleep Loss (<6 hr)

	Negative affect				Positive affect
	B	SE	p-value	95% CI	B	SE	p-value	95% CI
Fixed effects
Intercept	0.18	0.01	<.001	[0.15, 0.20]	2.87	0.04	<.001	[2.79, 2.96]
Within-person level
Prior day’s affect (negative or positive)	0.03	0.01	0.001	[0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.01	0.194	[−0.01, 0.03]
Consecutive sleep loss (linear)	0.08	0.01	<.001	[0.06, 0.10]	−0.11	0.02	<.001	[−0.15, −0.07]
Consecutive sleep loss²(quadratic)	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.03	0.01	0.009	[0.01, 0.05]
Consecutive sleep loss³(cubic)	0.002	0.001	<.001	[0.001, 0.003]	−0.002	0.001	0.060	[−0.004, 0.0001]
Weekend (vs. weekdays)	−0.03	0.004	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.04	0.01	<.001	[0.03, 0.06]
Between-person level
Average sleep duration	0.00	0.01	0.448	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.02	0.506	[−0.02, 0.04]
Age	−0.003	0.0004	<.001	[−0.003, −0.002]	0.01	0.001	<.001	[0.01, 0.01]
Male (vs. female)	−0.03	0.01	0.001	[−0.05, −0.01]	0.02	0.03	0.584	[−0.04, 0.08]
White (vs. non-White)	0.01	0.01	0.656	[−0.02, 0.04]	−0.15	0.04	<.001	[−0.23, −0.06]
Education	0.00	0.002	0.041	[0.0002, 0.01]	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]
Workers (vs. non-workers)	0.11	0.01	<.001	[0.09, 0.12]	−0.10	0.02	<.001	[−0.13, −0.07]
Physical health	−0.06	0.01	<.001	[−0.07, −0.05]	0.21	0.02	<.001	[0.18, 0.24]
Number of missed diary days	0.01	0.01	0.028	[0.002, 0.03]	0.00	0.02	0.791	[−0.03, 0.04]
Random effects
Person level variance	0.04	0.002	<.001		0.42	0.01	<.001
Residual variance	0.04	0.001	<.001		0.14	0.00	<.001

	Negative affect				Positive affect
	B	SE	p-value	95% CI	B	SE	p-value	95% CI
Fixed effects
Intercept	0.18	0.01	<.001	[0.15, 0.20]	2.87	0.04	<.001	[2.79, 2.96]
Within-person level
Prior day’s affect (negative or positive)	0.03	0.01	0.001	[0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.01	0.194	[−0.01, 0.03]
Consecutive sleep loss (linear)	0.08	0.01	<.001	[0.06, 0.10]	−0.11	0.02	<.001	[−0.15, −0.07]
Consecutive sleep loss²(quadratic)	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.03	0.01	0.009	[0.01, 0.05]
Consecutive sleep loss³(cubic)	0.002	0.001	<.001	[0.001, 0.003]	−0.002	0.001	0.060	[−0.004, 0.0001]
Weekend (vs. weekdays)	−0.03	0.004	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]	0.04	0.01	<.001	[0.03, 0.06]
Between-person level
Average sleep duration	0.00	0.01	0.448	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.02	0.506	[−0.02, 0.04]
Age	−0.003	0.0004	<.001	[−0.003, −0.002]	0.01	0.001	<.001	[0.01, 0.01]
Male (vs. female)	−0.03	0.01	0.001	[−0.05, −0.01]	0.02	0.03	0.584	[−0.04, 0.08]
White (vs. non-White)	0.01	0.01	0.656	[−0.02, 0.04]	−0.15	0.04	<.001	[−0.23, −0.06]
Education	0.00	0.002	0.041	[0.0002, 0.01]	−0.03	0.01	<.001	[−0.04, −0.02]
Workers (vs. non-workers)	0.11	0.01	<.001	[0.09, 0.12]	−0.10	0.02	<.001	[−0.13, −0.07]
Physical health	−0.06	0.01	<.001	[−0.07, −0.05]	0.21	0.02	<.001	[0.18, 0.24]
Number of missed diary days	0.01	0.01	0.028	[0.002, 0.03]	0.00	0.02	0.791	[−0.03, 0.04]
Random effects
Person level variance	0.04	0.002	<.001		0.42	0.01	<.001
Residual variance	0.04	0.001	<.001		0.14	0.00	<.001

Note. N = 1,958. 12,242 daily observations. The main variables of interest are grey highlighted. Significant associations (at adjusted p ≤ 0.0417) are bolded.

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