Table 1. Open in new tab Direct effects...

Variables and hypothesized associations

Beta

95% lower CI for beta

95% upper CI for beta

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Risk Perception (T1)

−.004

−.054

.051

.898

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Outcome expectancies (T1)

−.005

−.064

.053

.858

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Self-efficacy (T1)

−.068

−.120

−.012

.016

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Intention (T1)

.005

−.040

.051

.846

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Planning (T1)

−.027

−.088

.029

.336

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Monitoring (T1)

−.075

−.130

−.017

.008

Strictness of policies (T0)→ Handwashing (T1)

−.024

−.076

.030

.331

Strictness of policies (T0) → Strictness of policies (T2)

.295

.234

.354

<.001

Risk Perception (T1)→ Intention (T1)

.049

.004

.096

.037

Risk Perception (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

.019

−.023

.063

.344

Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Intention (T1)

.270

.216

.323

<.001

Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

−.012

−.059

.039

.615

Self-efficacy (T1)→ Intention (T1)

.394

.335

.449

<.001

Self-efficacy (T1)→ Self-efficacy (T3)

.526

.469

.576

<.001

Self-efficacy (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

.008

−.056

.067

.787

Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T1)

.716

.612

.815

<.001

Intention (T1)→ Planning (T3)

.076

.021

.130

<.001

Intention (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)

.132

.075

.191

<.001

Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

.059

.006

.113

.030

Planning (T1)→ Planning (T3)

.621

.576

.663

<.001

Planning (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

−.033

−.090

.025

.277

Monitoring (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)

.465

.404

.521

<.001

Monitoring (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

−.042

−.101

.015

.143

Strictness of policies (T2)→ Self-efficacy (T3)

−.095

−.140

−.050

<.001

Strictness of policies (T2)→ Planning (T3)

−.024

−.065

.017

.228

Strictness of policies (T2)→ Monitoring (T3)

−.049

−.090

−.007

.023

Strictness of policies (T2)→ Handwashing (T3)

−.035

−.074

.004

.078

Self-efficacy (T3)→ Planning (T3)

.152

.105

.199

<.001

Self-efficacy (T3)→ Monitoring (T3)

.226

.165

.286

<.001

Self-efficacy (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)

.157

.097

.221

<.001

Planning (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)

.057

.003

.114

.047

Monitoring (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)

.231

.173

.290

<.001

Handwashing (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)

.494

.429

.558

<.001

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Direct effects for the hypothesized model (N = 1,256)

Variables and hypothesized associations	Beta	95% lower CI for beta	95% upper CI for beta	p
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Risk Perception (T1)	−.004	−.054	.051	.898
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Outcome expectancies (T1)	−.005	−.064	.053	.858
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Self-efficacy (T1)	−.068	−.120	−.012	.016
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Intention (T1)	.005	−.040	.051	.846
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Planning (T1)	−.027	−.088	.029	.336
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Monitoring (T1)	−.075	−.130	−.017	.008
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Handwashing (T1)	−.024	−.076	.030	.331
Strictness of policies (T0) → Strictness of policies (T2)	.295	.234	.354	<.001
Risk Perception (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.049	.004	.096	.037
Risk Perception (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.019	−.023	.063	.344
Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.270	.216	.323	<.001
Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.012	−.059	.039	.615
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.394	.335	.449	<.001
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Self-efficacy (T3)	.526	.469	.576	<.001
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.008	−.056	.067	.787
Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T1)	.716	.612	.815	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Planning (T3)	.076	.021	.130	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)	.132	.075	.191	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.059	.006	.113	.030
Planning (T1)→ Planning (T3)	.621	.576	.663	<.001
Planning (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.033	−.090	.025	.277
Monitoring (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)	.465	.404	.521	<.001
Monitoring (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.042	−.101	.015	.143
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Self-efficacy (T3)	−.095	−.140	−.050	<.001
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Planning (T3)	−.024	−.065	.017	.228
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Monitoring (T3)	−.049	−.090	−.007	.023
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.035	−.074	.004	.078
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Planning (T3)	.152	.105	.199	<.001
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Monitoring (T3)	.226	.165	.286	<.001
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.157	.097	.221	<.001
Planning (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.057	.003	.114	.047
Monitoring (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.231	.173	.290	<.001
Handwashing (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.494	.429	.558	<.001

Variables and hypothesized associations	Beta	95% lower CI for beta	95% upper CI for beta	p
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Risk Perception (T1)	−.004	−.054	.051	.898
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Outcome expectancies (T1)	−.005	−.064	.053	.858
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Self-efficacy (T1)	−.068	−.120	−.012	.016
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Intention (T1)	.005	−.040	.051	.846
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Planning (T1)	−.027	−.088	.029	.336
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Monitoring (T1)	−.075	−.130	−.017	.008
Strictness of policies (T0)→ Handwashing (T1)	−.024	−.076	.030	.331
Strictness of policies (T0) → Strictness of policies (T2)	.295	.234	.354	<.001
Risk Perception (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.049	.004	.096	.037
Risk Perception (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.019	−.023	.063	.344
Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.270	.216	.323	<.001
Outcome expectancies (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.012	−.059	.039	.615
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Intention (T1)	.394	.335	.449	<.001
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Self-efficacy (T3)	.526	.469	.576	<.001
Self-efficacy (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.008	−.056	.067	.787
Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T1)	.716	.612	.815	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Planning (T3)	.076	.021	.130	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)	.132	.075	.191	<.001
Intention (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.059	.006	.113	.030
Planning (T1)→ Planning (T3)	.621	.576	.663	<.001
Planning (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.033	−.090	.025	.277
Monitoring (T1)→ Monitoring (T3)	.465	.404	.521	<.001
Monitoring (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.042	−.101	.015	.143
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Self-efficacy (T3)	−.095	−.140	−.050	<.001
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Planning (T3)	−.024	−.065	.017	.228
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Monitoring (T3)	−.049	−.090	−.007	.023
Strictness of policies (T2)→ Handwashing (T3)	−.035	−.074	.004	.078
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Planning (T3)	.152	.105	.199	<.001
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Monitoring (T3)	.226	.165	.286	<.001
Self-efficacy (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.157	.097	.221	<.001
Planning (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.057	.003	.114	.047
Monitoring (T3)→ Handwashing (T3)	.231	.173	.290	<.001
Handwashing (T1)→ Handwashing (T3)	.494	.429	.558	<.001

Note. 95% CI = values of 95% two-tailed bias corrected confidence intervals. Indirect effect estimates presented in bold have values of two-tailed bias-corrected confidence intervals that do not include zero. T0 = Time 0; T1 = Time 1 (1–7 days later); T2 = Time 2 (one month after T1), T3= Time 3 (1–7 days after T2); Strictness of policies = Strictness of containment and health policies; Handwashing = Handwashing adherence index (based on the WHO guidelines). Data were collected in 14 countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, Gambia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland) between March 25, 2020 and September 20, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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