Table 3. Open in new tab Hierarchical...

Variable	B	95% CI for B		SE B	β	R ²	ΔR²
Step 1						.360***
Constant	0.54*	0.05	1.02	0.25	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.62***	0.59	0.66	0.02	.57***
Income	0.01	−0.02	0.03	0.01	.01
Location (North America)^a	−0.06	−0.31	0.18	0.12	−.04
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.01
Gender (Women)^b	−0.46*	−0.88	−0.04	0.21	−.25*
Gender (Men)^b	−0.64**	−1.08	−0.19	0.22	−.35**
Health	0.02	−0.04	0.08	0.03	.01
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
Step 2						.377***	.017***
Constant	0.53*	0.05	1.01	0.24	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.61	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.04	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.04	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.07*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait Empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived Threat	0.34***	0.25	0.43	0.04	.13***
T1 Empathic Responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
Step 3						.378***	.001*
Constant	0.54*	0.06	1.02	0.24	.30*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.60	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.03	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.05	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.06*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived threat	0.34***	0.25	0.42	0.04	.12***
T1 Empathic responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
T1 Empathic responding * T1 Perceived threat	−0.12*	−0.23	−0.02	0.05	−.03*

Variable

95% CI for B

SE B

R ²

ΔR²

Step 1

.360***

Constant

0.54*

0.05

1.02

0.25

.29*

T1 Preventive behaviors

0.62***

0.59

0.66

0.02

.57***

Income

0.01

−0.02

0.03

0.01

.01

Location (North America)^a

−0.06

−0.31

0.18

0.12

−.04

Age

0.00

−0.00

0.01

0.00

.01

Gender (Women)^b

−0.46*

−0.88

−0.04

0.21

−.25*

Gender (Men)^b

−0.64**

−1.08

−0.19

0.22

−.35**

Health

0.02

−0.04

0.08

0.03

.01

Time

−0.02***

−0.02

−0.01

0.00

−.15***

Step 2

.377***

.017***

Constant

0.53*

0.05

1.01

0.24

.29*

T1 Preventive behaviors

0.57***

0.54

0.61

0.02

.52***

Income

−0.00

−0.03

0.03

0.01

−.00

Location (North America)^a

−0.15

−0.39

0.09

0.12

−.08

Age

0.00

−0.00

0.01

0.00

.02

Gender (Women)^b

−0.38

−0.79

0.04

0.21

−.21

Gender (Men)^b

−0.48*

−0.92

−0.04

0.22

−.26*

Health

0.07*

0.01

0.12

0.03

.03*

Time

−0.02***

−0.02

−0.01

0.00

−.15***

T1 Trait Empathy

0.01*

0.00

0.02

0.00

.04*

T1 Perceived Threat

0.34***

0.25

0.43

0.04

.13***

T1 Empathic Responding

0.07

−0.01

0.15

0.04

.03

Step 3

.378***

.001*

Constant

0.54*

0.06

1.02

0.24

.30*

T1 Preventive behaviors

0.57***

0.54

0.60

0.02

.52***

Income

−0.00

−0.03

0.03

0.01

−.00

Location (North America)^a

−0.15

−0.39

0.09

0.12

−.08

Age

0.00

−0.00

0.01

0.00

.02

Gender (Women)^b

−0.38

−0.79

0.03

0.21

−.21

Gender (Men)^b

−0.48*

−0.92

−0.05

0.22

−.26*

Health

0.06*

0.01

0.12

0.03

.03*

Time

−0.02***

−0.02

−0.01

0.00

−.15***

T1 Trait empathy

0.01*

0.00

0.02

0.00

.04*

T1 Perceived threat

0.34***

0.25

0.42

0.04

.12***

T1 Empathic responding

0.07

−0.01

0.15

0.04

.03

T1 Empathic responding
* T1 Perceived threat

−0.12*

−0.23

−0.02

0.05

−.03*

Variable	B	95% CI for B		SE B	β	R ²	ΔR²
Step 1						.360***
Constant	0.54*	0.05	1.02	0.25	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.62***	0.59	0.66	0.02	.57***
Income	0.01	−0.02	0.03	0.01	.01
Location (North America)^a	−0.06	−0.31	0.18	0.12	−.04
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.01
Gender (Women)^b	−0.46*	−0.88	−0.04	0.21	−.25*
Gender (Men)^b	−0.64**	−1.08	−0.19	0.22	−.35**
Health	0.02	−0.04	0.08	0.03	.01
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
Step 2						.377***	.017***
Constant	0.53*	0.05	1.01	0.24	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.61	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.04	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.04	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.07*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait Empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived Threat	0.34***	0.25	0.43	0.04	.13***
T1 Empathic Responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
Step 3						.378***	.001*
Constant	0.54*	0.06	1.02	0.24	.30*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.60	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.03	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.05	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.06*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived threat	0.34***	0.25	0.42	0.04	.12***
T1 Empathic responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
T1 Empathic responding * T1 Perceived threat	−0.12*	−0.23	−0.02	0.05	−.03*

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Hierarchical regression results predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors at T2

Variable	B	95% CI for B		SE B	β	R ²	ΔR²
		LL	UL
Step 1						.360***
Constant	0.54*	0.05	1.02	0.25	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.62***	0.59	0.66	0.02	.57***
Income	0.01	−0.02	0.03	0.01	.01
Location (North America)^a	−0.06	−0.31	0.18	0.12	−.04
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.01
Gender (Women)^b	−0.46*	−0.88	−0.04	0.21	−.25*
Gender (Men)^b	−0.64**	−1.08	−0.19	0.22	−.35**
Health	0.02	−0.04	0.08	0.03	.01
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
Step 2						.377***	.017***
Constant	0.53*	0.05	1.01	0.24	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.61	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.04	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.04	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.07*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait Empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived Threat	0.34***	0.25	0.43	0.04	.13***
T1 Empathic Responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
Step 3						.378***	.001*
Constant	0.54*	0.06	1.02	0.24	.30*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.60	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.03	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.05	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.06*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived threat	0.34***	0.25	0.42	0.04	.12***
T1 Empathic responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
T1 Empathic responding * T1 Perceived threat	−0.12*	−0.23	−0.02	0.05	−.03*

Variable	B	95% CI for B		SE B	β	R ²	ΔR²
		LL	UL
Step 1						.360***
Constant	0.54*	0.05	1.02	0.25	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.62***	0.59	0.66	0.02	.57***
Income	0.01	−0.02	0.03	0.01	.01
Location (North America)^a	−0.06	−0.31	0.18	0.12	−.04
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.01
Gender (Women)^b	−0.46*	−0.88	−0.04	0.21	−.25*
Gender (Men)^b	−0.64**	−1.08	−0.19	0.22	−.35**
Health	0.02	−0.04	0.08	0.03	.01
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
Step 2						.377***	.017***
Constant	0.53*	0.05	1.01	0.24	.29*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.61	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.04	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.04	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.07*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait Empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived Threat	0.34***	0.25	0.43	0.04	.13***
T1 Empathic Responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
Step 3						.378***	.001*
Constant	0.54*	0.06	1.02	0.24	.30*
T1 Preventive behaviors	0.57***	0.54	0.60	0.02	.52***
Income	−0.00	−0.03	0.03	0.01	−.00
Location (North America)^a	−0.15	−0.39	0.09	0.12	−.08
Age	0.00	−0.00	0.01	0.00	.02
Gender (Women)^b	−0.38	−0.79	0.03	0.21	−.21
Gender (Men)^b	−0.48*	−0.92	−0.05	0.22	−.26*
Health	0.06*	0.01	0.12	0.03	.03*
Time	−0.02***	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	−.15***
T1 Trait empathy	0.01*	0.00	0.02	0.00	.04*
T1 Perceived threat	0.34***	0.25	0.42	0.04	.12***
T1 Empathic responding	0.07	−0.01	0.15	0.04	.03
T1 Empathic responding * T1 Perceived threat	−0.12*	−0.23	−0.02	0.05	−.03*

Note. N = 2,841. CI confidence interval; LL lower limit; UL upper limit. Time = Days elapsed since pandemic declared by WHO (March 11, 2020) at T1 assessment. All continuous predictor variables standardized.

^aReference group = participants residing outside of North America.

^bReference group = participants identifying their gender as other.

*p < .05.

**p < .01.

***p < .001.

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