Characteristics of Study Participants in Children Hospitalized With Acute Respiratory Infections in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, by Pneumonia Severity (N = 1268)
| Characteristics . | All Participants (N = 1268) . | Severe Pneumoniaa (n = 410) . | Other ARI (n = 858) . | P Valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mo, median (IQR) | 15 (8–25) | 11 (6–20) | 17 (10–28) | <.001 |
| Age group, mo | ||||
| 2–5 | 220 (17.4) | 113 (27.6) | 107 (12.5) | <.001 |
| 6–11 | 288 (22.7) | 101 (24.6) | 187 (21.8) | |
| 12–23 | 412 (32.5) | 126 (30.7) | 286 (33.3) | |
| 24–59 | 348 (27.4) | 70 (17.1) | 278 (32.4) | |
| Male sex | 718 (56.6) | 233 (56.8) | 485 (56.5) | .919 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Minority group | 130 (10.2) | 57 (13.9) | 73 (8.5) | .003 |
| Lao Loum | 1138 (89.8) | 353 (86.1) | 785 (91.5) | |
| Household features | ||||
| Residential location | ||||
| Outside Vientiane capital | 1205 (95.0) | 382 (93.2) | 823 (95.9) | .035 |
| Vientiane capital | 63 (5.0) | 28 (6.8) | 35 (4.1) | |
| Other children aged <5 y in house | (n = 1261) | (n = 408) | (n = 853) | |
| 0–1 | 822 (65.2) | 253 (62.0) | 569 (66.7) | .101 |
| ≥2 | 439 (34.8) | 155 (38.0) | 284 (33.3) | |
| Cigarette smoker in the house | (n = 1254) | (n = 404) | (n = 850) | |
| Yes | 554 (44.2) | 203 (50.3) | 351 (41.3) | .003 |
| Source of cooking fuel | (n = 960) | (n = 296) | (n = 664) | |
| Smoke-producing fuel | 418 (43.5) | 128 (43.2) | 290 (43.7) | .901 |
| Poverty | ||||
| Below poverty linec | 81 (6.43) | 36 (8.8) | 45 (5.3) | .016 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Pneumococcal carriage | 468 (36.9) | 125 (30.5) | 343 (40.0) | .001 |
| Pneumococcal densityd (carriers only) | (n = 468) | (n = 125) | (n = 343) | |
| Median (IQR) | 5.67 (5.02–6.32) | 5.83 (5.14–6.36) | 5.62 (5.02–6.30) | .097 |
| PCV13 vaccinatede | (n = 1081) | (n = 354) | (n = 727) | |
| Undervaccinated | 450 (41.6) | 159 (44.9) | 291 (40.0) | .126 |
| Vaccinated | 631 (58.4) | 195 (55.1) | 436 (60.0) | |
| RSV detected | (n = 1258) | (n = 380) | (n = 773) | |
| Yes | 341 (27.1) | 125 (30.9) | 216 (25.3) | .039 |
| Duration of illness prior to admission | (n = 1265) | (n = 410) | (n = 855) | |
| Median days (IQR) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | .922 |
| Prior antibiotic usef | (n = 1216) | (n = 394) | (n = 822) | |
| Yes | 645 (53.0) | 230 (58.4) | 415 (50.5) | .010 |
| Characteristics . | All Participants (N = 1268) . | Severe Pneumoniaa (n = 410) . | Other ARI (n = 858) . | P Valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mo, median (IQR) | 15 (8–25) | 11 (6–20) | 17 (10–28) | <.001 |
| Age group, mo | ||||
| 2–5 | 220 (17.4) | 113 (27.6) | 107 (12.5) | <.001 |
| 6–11 | 288 (22.7) | 101 (24.6) | 187 (21.8) | |
| 12–23 | 412 (32.5) | 126 (30.7) | 286 (33.3) | |
| 24–59 | 348 (27.4) | 70 (17.1) | 278 (32.4) | |
| Male sex | 718 (56.6) | 233 (56.8) | 485 (56.5) | .919 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Minority group | 130 (10.2) | 57 (13.9) | 73 (8.5) | .003 |
| Lao Loum | 1138 (89.8) | 353 (86.1) | 785 (91.5) | |
| Household features | ||||
| Residential location | ||||
| Outside Vientiane capital | 1205 (95.0) | 382 (93.2) | 823 (95.9) | .035 |
| Vientiane capital | 63 (5.0) | 28 (6.8) | 35 (4.1) | |
| Other children aged <5 y in house | (n = 1261) | (n = 408) | (n = 853) | |
| 0–1 | 822 (65.2) | 253 (62.0) | 569 (66.7) | .101 |
| ≥2 | 439 (34.8) | 155 (38.0) | 284 (33.3) | |
| Cigarette smoker in the house | (n = 1254) | (n = 404) | (n = 850) | |
| Yes | 554 (44.2) | 203 (50.3) | 351 (41.3) | .003 |
| Source of cooking fuel | (n = 960) | (n = 296) | (n = 664) | |
| Smoke-producing fuel | 418 (43.5) | 128 (43.2) | 290 (43.7) | .901 |
| Poverty | ||||
| Below poverty linec | 81 (6.43) | 36 (8.8) | 45 (5.3) | .016 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Pneumococcal carriage | 468 (36.9) | 125 (30.5) | 343 (40.0) | .001 |
| Pneumococcal densityd (carriers only) | (n = 468) | (n = 125) | (n = 343) | |
| Median (IQR) | 5.67 (5.02–6.32) | 5.83 (5.14–6.36) | 5.62 (5.02–6.30) | .097 |
| PCV13 vaccinatede | (n = 1081) | (n = 354) | (n = 727) | |
| Undervaccinated | 450 (41.6) | 159 (44.9) | 291 (40.0) | .126 |
| Vaccinated | 631 (58.4) | 195 (55.1) | 436 (60.0) | |
| RSV detected | (n = 1258) | (n = 380) | (n = 773) | |
| Yes | 341 (27.1) | 125 (30.9) | 216 (25.3) | .039 |
| Duration of illness prior to admission | (n = 1265) | (n = 410) | (n = 855) | |
| Median days (IQR) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | .922 |
| Prior antibiotic usef | (n = 1216) | (n = 394) | (n = 822) | |
| Yes | 645 (53.0) | 230 (58.4) | 415 (50.5) | .010 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ARI, acute respiratory infection; IQR, interquartile range; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
aWorld Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Severe pneumonia defined as cough and/or difficulty breathing and tachypnea (≥50 breaths per minute for children aged 2–11 months and ≥40 breaths per minute for children aged 12–59 months) with any 1 of oxygen saturation <90%, central cyanosis, severe respiratory distress, inability to drink or breastfeed or vomiting everything, altered consciousness, and convulsions.
bCompares ARI and severe pneumonia. χ 2 for categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.
cPoverty line (World Bank) defined as <1.25 US dollars (USD) per day (2013–2014); <1.9 USD per day (2015–2018) [21].
dPneumococcal density measured in log10 genome equivalents/mL.
eVaccinated defined as infants aged <12 months who have received at least 2 doses of PCV13 or children aged ≥12 months who have received at least 1 dose of PCV13. Undervaccinated defined as any child who does not meet these requirements.
fSelf-reported antibiotic therapy in the week before admission.
Characteristics of Study Participants in Children Hospitalized With Acute Respiratory Infections in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, by Pneumonia Severity (N = 1268)
| Characteristics . | All Participants (N = 1268) . | Severe Pneumoniaa (n = 410) . | Other ARI (n = 858) . | P Valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mo, median (IQR) | 15 (8–25) | 11 (6–20) | 17 (10–28) | <.001 |
| Age group, mo | ||||
| 2–5 | 220 (17.4) | 113 (27.6) | 107 (12.5) | <.001 |
| 6–11 | 288 (22.7) | 101 (24.6) | 187 (21.8) | |
| 12–23 | 412 (32.5) | 126 (30.7) | 286 (33.3) | |
| 24–59 | 348 (27.4) | 70 (17.1) | 278 (32.4) | |
| Male sex | 718 (56.6) | 233 (56.8) | 485 (56.5) | .919 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Minority group | 130 (10.2) | 57 (13.9) | 73 (8.5) | .003 |
| Lao Loum | 1138 (89.8) | 353 (86.1) | 785 (91.5) | |
| Household features | ||||
| Residential location | ||||
| Outside Vientiane capital | 1205 (95.0) | 382 (93.2) | 823 (95.9) | .035 |
| Vientiane capital | 63 (5.0) | 28 (6.8) | 35 (4.1) | |
| Other children aged <5 y in house | (n = 1261) | (n = 408) | (n = 853) | |
| 0–1 | 822 (65.2) | 253 (62.0) | 569 (66.7) | .101 |
| ≥2 | 439 (34.8) | 155 (38.0) | 284 (33.3) | |
| Cigarette smoker in the house | (n = 1254) | (n = 404) | (n = 850) | |
| Yes | 554 (44.2) | 203 (50.3) | 351 (41.3) | .003 |
| Source of cooking fuel | (n = 960) | (n = 296) | (n = 664) | |
| Smoke-producing fuel | 418 (43.5) | 128 (43.2) | 290 (43.7) | .901 |
| Poverty | ||||
| Below poverty linec | 81 (6.43) | 36 (8.8) | 45 (5.3) | .016 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Pneumococcal carriage | 468 (36.9) | 125 (30.5) | 343 (40.0) | .001 |
| Pneumococcal densityd (carriers only) | (n = 468) | (n = 125) | (n = 343) | |
| Median (IQR) | 5.67 (5.02–6.32) | 5.83 (5.14–6.36) | 5.62 (5.02–6.30) | .097 |
| PCV13 vaccinatede | (n = 1081) | (n = 354) | (n = 727) | |
| Undervaccinated | 450 (41.6) | 159 (44.9) | 291 (40.0) | .126 |
| Vaccinated | 631 (58.4) | 195 (55.1) | 436 (60.0) | |
| RSV detected | (n = 1258) | (n = 380) | (n = 773) | |
| Yes | 341 (27.1) | 125 (30.9) | 216 (25.3) | .039 |
| Duration of illness prior to admission | (n = 1265) | (n = 410) | (n = 855) | |
| Median days (IQR) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | .922 |
| Prior antibiotic usef | (n = 1216) | (n = 394) | (n = 822) | |
| Yes | 645 (53.0) | 230 (58.4) | 415 (50.5) | .010 |
| Characteristics . | All Participants (N = 1268) . | Severe Pneumoniaa (n = 410) . | Other ARI (n = 858) . | P Valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mo, median (IQR) | 15 (8–25) | 11 (6–20) | 17 (10–28) | <.001 |
| Age group, mo | ||||
| 2–5 | 220 (17.4) | 113 (27.6) | 107 (12.5) | <.001 |
| 6–11 | 288 (22.7) | 101 (24.6) | 187 (21.8) | |
| 12–23 | 412 (32.5) | 126 (30.7) | 286 (33.3) | |
| 24–59 | 348 (27.4) | 70 (17.1) | 278 (32.4) | |
| Male sex | 718 (56.6) | 233 (56.8) | 485 (56.5) | .919 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Minority group | 130 (10.2) | 57 (13.9) | 73 (8.5) | .003 |
| Lao Loum | 1138 (89.8) | 353 (86.1) | 785 (91.5) | |
| Household features | ||||
| Residential location | ||||
| Outside Vientiane capital | 1205 (95.0) | 382 (93.2) | 823 (95.9) | .035 |
| Vientiane capital | 63 (5.0) | 28 (6.8) | 35 (4.1) | |
| Other children aged <5 y in house | (n = 1261) | (n = 408) | (n = 853) | |
| 0–1 | 822 (65.2) | 253 (62.0) | 569 (66.7) | .101 |
| ≥2 | 439 (34.8) | 155 (38.0) | 284 (33.3) | |
| Cigarette smoker in the house | (n = 1254) | (n = 404) | (n = 850) | |
| Yes | 554 (44.2) | 203 (50.3) | 351 (41.3) | .003 |
| Source of cooking fuel | (n = 960) | (n = 296) | (n = 664) | |
| Smoke-producing fuel | 418 (43.5) | 128 (43.2) | 290 (43.7) | .901 |
| Poverty | ||||
| Below poverty linec | 81 (6.43) | 36 (8.8) | 45 (5.3) | .016 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Pneumococcal carriage | 468 (36.9) | 125 (30.5) | 343 (40.0) | .001 |
| Pneumococcal densityd (carriers only) | (n = 468) | (n = 125) | (n = 343) | |
| Median (IQR) | 5.67 (5.02–6.32) | 5.83 (5.14–6.36) | 5.62 (5.02–6.30) | .097 |
| PCV13 vaccinatede | (n = 1081) | (n = 354) | (n = 727) | |
| Undervaccinated | 450 (41.6) | 159 (44.9) | 291 (40.0) | .126 |
| Vaccinated | 631 (58.4) | 195 (55.1) | 436 (60.0) | |
| RSV detected | (n = 1258) | (n = 380) | (n = 773) | |
| Yes | 341 (27.1) | 125 (30.9) | 216 (25.3) | .039 |
| Duration of illness prior to admission | (n = 1265) | (n = 410) | (n = 855) | |
| Median days (IQR) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | .922 |
| Prior antibiotic usef | (n = 1216) | (n = 394) | (n = 822) | |
| Yes | 645 (53.0) | 230 (58.4) | 415 (50.5) | .010 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ARI, acute respiratory infection; IQR, interquartile range; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
aWorld Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Severe pneumonia defined as cough and/or difficulty breathing and tachypnea (≥50 breaths per minute for children aged 2–11 months and ≥40 breaths per minute for children aged 12–59 months) with any 1 of oxygen saturation <90%, central cyanosis, severe respiratory distress, inability to drink or breastfeed or vomiting everything, altered consciousness, and convulsions.
bCompares ARI and severe pneumonia. χ 2 for categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.
cPoverty line (World Bank) defined as <1.25 US dollars (USD) per day (2013–2014); <1.9 USD per day (2015–2018) [21].
dPneumococcal density measured in log10 genome equivalents/mL.
eVaccinated defined as infants aged <12 months who have received at least 2 doses of PCV13 or children aged ≥12 months who have received at least 1 dose of PCV13. Undervaccinated defined as any child who does not meet these requirements.
fSelf-reported antibiotic therapy in the week before admission.
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