Table 2. Open in new tab Changes in body...

	ONS	ONS + RE
Weight (kg)	46.5 (43–52)	48 (45–53)^a	1 (0.0–2)	48.5 (45–54)^a	1 (0.0–2)	51 (46–56.7)	51 (46.5–58)^b	0.5 (0.0–1)	51.5 (46.5–58)^b	0.7 (0.25–1.5)
BMI (kg/m²)	21 (18.3–22.1)	21.3 (20–22)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	21.3 (20.1–22.2)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	20.4 (19.4–23)	20.7 (19.6–23)^b	0.2 (0.0–0.5)	20.7 (19.6–23.6)^b	0.30 (0.10–.60)
MAC (cm)	24 (21.3–26)	24.5 (23–26.5)^a	0.2 (0.0–1.2)	24.5 (23–27)^a	0.5 (0.2–1.5)	23.5 (22–27.3)	24.5 (22.8–27)^b	0.5 (0.1–1)	24.7 (23–27.5)^b	0.7 (0.1–1.1)
AMC (mm)	205 (192–238.6)	219 (201.4–238.6)^a	2.7 (0.0–9.1)	220 (202.4–244.3)^a	5 (0.0–10)	211.2 (191.3–245)	216.7 (197–239)^b	5 (0.4–7.8)	217.4 (200.6–241.7)^b	7 (0.4–10)
AMA (cm²)	28.5 ± 11.49	29.2 ± 7.6^a	0.71 ± 6.1	29.7 ± 7.5^a	1.2 ± 5.9	32 ± 12.8	29 ± 9.9^b	−2.9 ± 7.8	29.8 ± 9.7^b	−2.3 ± 7.7
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	7.7 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 3.5^a	0.42 ± ± 1.01	8.1 ± 3.6^a	0.42 ± 1.07	9.1 ± 5.3	9.5 ± 5.3^b	0.41 ± 0.79	9.5 ± 5.4^b	0.35 ± 0.93
FM% from anthropometry	17 ± 6.5	17.6 ± 6.3^a	0.63 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 6.5^a	0.65 ± 1.4	20 ± 8.6	21.2 ± 8.9^b	0.22 ± 0.99	20.3 ± 9^b	0.34 ± 1
Handgrip strength (kg)	16 (10–24)	18.2 (11.5–26)^a	1 (1–3)	20.6 (15–27)^a	2.8 (1–5)	20 (16–24.5)	20.2 (17.5–30)^b	1.6 (0.2–3.2)	22 (17.5–31)^b	2.6 (0.35–4.6)
R (ohm)	585.2 (505.3–664)	598 (559–666)^a	−12 (−32–24)	567 (529–634)^a	−16 (−73–16)	572.6 (488–641)	553 (515–655)^b	40 (−27–56)	538 (486–657)^b	0.7 (−35.3–47.2)
Xc (ohm)	63 (46.7–77)	64 (51–78)^a	−1.6 (−6–9.1)	64 (47–65)^a	−0.6 (−5.7–12)	57.8 (44.7–72.6)	58 (48–74)^b	2.1 (−2.6–7.2)	57.7 (49.6–78.6)^b	2.7 (−1.3–10)
Phase angle (°)	5.9 ± 1.4	6 ± 1.5^a	0.16 ± 0.31	6.2 ± 1.4^a	0.31 ± 0.59	5.8 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.9^b	0.04 ± 0.51	6.1 ± 0.75^b	0.33 ± 0.47

ONS

ONS + RE

Baseline (n = 19)

6 weeks (n = 19)

Δ^c

12 weeks (n = 19)

Δ^d

Baseline (n = 17)

6 weeks (n = 17)

Δ^c

12 weeks (n = 17)

Δ^d

Weight (kg)

46.5 (43–52)

48 (45–53)^a

1 (0.0–2)

48.5 (45–54)^a

1 (0.0–2)

51 (46–56.7)

51 (46.5–58)^b

0.5 (0.0–1)

51.5 (46.5–58)^b

0.7 (0.25–1.5)

BMI (kg/m²)

21 (18.3–22.1)

21.3 (20–22)^a

0.4 (0.0–0.9)

21.3 (20.1–22.2)^a

0.4 (0.0–0.9)

20.4 (19.4–23)

20.7 (19.6–23)^b

0.2 (0.0–0.5)

20.7 (19.6–23.6)^b

0.30 (0.10–.60)

MAC (cm)

24 (21.3–26)

24.5 (23–26.5)^a

0.2 (0.0–1.2)

24.5 (23–27)^a

0.5 (0.2–1.5)

23.5 (22–27.3)

24.5 (22.8–27)^b

0.5 (0.1–1)

24.7 (23–27.5)^b

0.7 (0.1–1.1)

AMC (mm)

205 (192–238.6)

219 (201.4–238.6)^a

2.7 (0.0–9.1)

220 (202.4–244.3)^a

5 (0.0–10)

211.2 (191.3–245)

216.7 (197–239)^b

5 (0.4–7.8)

217.4 (200.6–241.7)^b

7 (0.4–10)

AMA (cm²)

28.5 ± 11.49

29.2 ± 7.6^a

0.71 ± 6.1

29.7 ± 7.5^a

1.2 ± 5.9

32 ± 12.8

29 ± 9.9^b

−2.9 ± 7.8

29.8 ± 9.7^b

−2.3 ± 7.7

Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)

7.7 ± 3.4

8.1 ± 3.5^a

0.42 ± ± 1.01

8.1 ± 3.6^a

0.42 ± 1.07

9.1 ± 5.3

9.5 ± 5.3^b

0.41 ± 0.79

9.5 ± 5.4^b

0.35 ± 0.93

FM% from anthropometry

17 ± 6.5

17.6 ± 6.3^a

0.63 ± 1.3

17.6 ± 6.5^a

0.65 ± 1.4

20 ± 8.6

21.2 ± 8.9^b

0.22 ± 0.99

20.3 ± 9^b

0.34 ± 1

Handgrip strength (kg)

16 (10–24)

18.2 (11.5–26)^a

1 (1–3)

20.6 (15–27)^a

2.8 (1–5)

20 (16–24.5)

20.2 (17.5–30)^b

1.6 (0.2–3.2)

22 (17.5–31)^b

2.6 (0.35–4.6)

R (ohm)

585.2 (505.3–664)

598 (559–666)^a

−12 (−32–24)

567 (529–634)^a

−16 (−73–16)

572.6 (488–641)

553 (515–655)^b

40 (−27–56)

538 (486–657)^b

0.7 (−35.3–47.2)

Xc (ohm)

63 (46.7–77)

64 (51–78)^a

−1.6 (−6–9.1)

64 (47–65)^a

−0.6 (−5.7–12)

57.8 (44.7–72.6)

58 (48–74)^b

2.1 (−2.6–7.2)

57.7 (49.6–78.6)^b

2.7 (−1.3–10)

Phase angle (°)

5.9 ± 1.4

6 ± 1.5^a

0.16 ± 0.31

6.2 ± 1.4^a

0.31 ± 0.59

5.8 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 0.9^b

0.04 ± 0.51

6.1 ± 0.75^b

0.33 ± 0.47

	ONS	ONS + RE
Weight (kg)	46.5 (43–52)	48 (45–53)^a	1 (0.0–2)	48.5 (45–54)^a	1 (0.0–2)	51 (46–56.7)	51 (46.5–58)^b	0.5 (0.0–1)	51.5 (46.5–58)^b	0.7 (0.25–1.5)
BMI (kg/m²)	21 (18.3–22.1)	21.3 (20–22)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	21.3 (20.1–22.2)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	20.4 (19.4–23)	20.7 (19.6–23)^b	0.2 (0.0–0.5)	20.7 (19.6–23.6)^b	0.30 (0.10–.60)
MAC (cm)	24 (21.3–26)	24.5 (23–26.5)^a	0.2 (0.0–1.2)	24.5 (23–27)^a	0.5 (0.2–1.5)	23.5 (22–27.3)	24.5 (22.8–27)^b	0.5 (0.1–1)	24.7 (23–27.5)^b	0.7 (0.1–1.1)
AMC (mm)	205 (192–238.6)	219 (201.4–238.6)^a	2.7 (0.0–9.1)	220 (202.4–244.3)^a	5 (0.0–10)	211.2 (191.3–245)	216.7 (197–239)^b	5 (0.4–7.8)	217.4 (200.6–241.7)^b	7 (0.4–10)
AMA (cm²)	28.5 ± 11.49	29.2 ± 7.6^a	0.71 ± 6.1	29.7 ± 7.5^a	1.2 ± 5.9	32 ± 12.8	29 ± 9.9^b	−2.9 ± 7.8	29.8 ± 9.7^b	−2.3 ± 7.7
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	7.7 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 3.5^a	0.42 ± ± 1.01	8.1 ± 3.6^a	0.42 ± 1.07	9.1 ± 5.3	9.5 ± 5.3^b	0.41 ± 0.79	9.5 ± 5.4^b	0.35 ± 0.93
FM% from anthropometry	17 ± 6.5	17.6 ± 6.3^a	0.63 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 6.5^a	0.65 ± 1.4	20 ± 8.6	21.2 ± 8.9^b	0.22 ± 0.99	20.3 ± 9^b	0.34 ± 1
Handgrip strength (kg)	16 (10–24)	18.2 (11.5–26)^a	1 (1–3)	20.6 (15–27)^a	2.8 (1–5)	20 (16–24.5)	20.2 (17.5–30)^b	1.6 (0.2–3.2)	22 (17.5–31)^b	2.6 (0.35–4.6)
R (ohm)	585.2 (505.3–664)	598 (559–666)^a	−12 (−32–24)	567 (529–634)^a	−16 (−73–16)	572.6 (488–641)	553 (515–655)^b	40 (−27–56)	538 (486–657)^b	0.7 (−35.3–47.2)
Xc (ohm)	63 (46.7–77)	64 (51–78)^a	−1.6 (−6–9.1)	64 (47–65)^a	−0.6 (−5.7–12)	57.8 (44.7–72.6)	58 (48–74)^b	2.1 (−2.6–7.2)	57.7 (49.6–78.6)^b	2.7 (−1.3–10)
Phase angle (°)	5.9 ± 1.4	6 ± 1.5^a	0.16 ± 0.31	6.2 ± 1.4^a	0.31 ± 0.59	5.8 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.9^b	0.04 ± 0.51	6.1 ± 0.75^b	0.33 ± 0.47

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Changes in body composition measured by anthropometrics, muscle strength (dynamometry) and bioelectric impedance analysis

	ONS					ONS + RE
	Baseline (n = 19)	6 weeks (n = 19)	Δ^c	12 weeks (n = 19)	Δ^d	Baseline (n = 17)	6 weeks (n = 17)	Δ^c	12 weeks (n = 17)	Δ^d
Weight (kg)	46.5 (43–52)	48 (45–53)^a	1 (0.0–2)	48.5 (45–54)^a	1 (0.0–2)	51 (46–56.7)	51 (46.5–58)^b	0.5 (0.0–1)	51.5 (46.5–58)^b	0.7 (0.25–1.5)
BMI (kg/m²)	21 (18.3–22.1)	21.3 (20–22)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	21.3 (20.1–22.2)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	20.4 (19.4–23)	20.7 (19.6–23)^b	0.2 (0.0–0.5)	20.7 (19.6–23.6)^b	0.30 (0.10–.60)
MAC (cm)	24 (21.3–26)	24.5 (23–26.5)^a	0.2 (0.0–1.2)	24.5 (23–27)^a	0.5 (0.2–1.5)	23.5 (22–27.3)	24.5 (22.8–27)^b	0.5 (0.1–1)	24.7 (23–27.5)^b	0.7 (0.1–1.1)
AMC (mm)	205 (192–238.6)	219 (201.4–238.6)^a	2.7 (0.0–9.1)	220 (202.4–244.3)^a	5 (0.0–10)	211.2 (191.3–245)	216.7 (197–239)^b	5 (0.4–7.8)	217.4 (200.6–241.7)^b	7 (0.4–10)
AMA (cm²)	28.5 ± 11.49	29.2 ± 7.6^a	0.71 ± 6.1	29.7 ± 7.5^a	1.2 ± 5.9	32 ± 12.8	29 ± 9.9^b	−2.9 ± 7.8	29.8 ± 9.7^b	−2.3 ± 7.7
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	7.7 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 3.5^a	0.42 ± ± 1.01	8.1 ± 3.6^a	0.42 ± 1.07	9.1 ± 5.3	9.5 ± 5.3^b	0.41 ± 0.79	9.5 ± 5.4^b	0.35 ± 0.93
FM% from anthropometry	17 ± 6.5	17.6 ± 6.3^a	0.63 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 6.5^a	0.65 ± 1.4	20 ± 8.6	21.2 ± 8.9^b	0.22 ± 0.99	20.3 ± 9^b	0.34 ± 1
Handgrip strength (kg)	16 (10–24)	18.2 (11.5–26)^a	1 (1–3)	20.6 (15–27)^a	2.8 (1–5)	20 (16–24.5)	20.2 (17.5–30)^b	1.6 (0.2–3.2)	22 (17.5–31)^b	2.6 (0.35–4.6)
R (ohm)	585.2 (505.3–664)	598 (559–666)^a	−12 (−32–24)	567 (529–634)^a	−16 (−73–16)	572.6 (488–641)	553 (515–655)^b	40 (−27–56)	538 (486–657)^b	0.7 (−35.3–47.2)
Xc (ohm)	63 (46.7–77)	64 (51–78)^a	−1.6 (−6–9.1)	64 (47–65)^a	−0.6 (−5.7–12)	57.8 (44.7–72.6)	58 (48–74)^b	2.1 (−2.6–7.2)	57.7 (49.6–78.6)^b	2.7 (−1.3–10)
Phase angle (°)	5.9 ± 1.4	6 ± 1.5^a	0.16 ± 0.31	6.2 ± 1.4^a	0.31 ± 0.59	5.8 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.9^b	0.04 ± 0.51	6.1 ± 0.75^b	0.33 ± 0.47

	ONS					ONS + RE
	Baseline (n = 19)	6 weeks (n = 19)	Δ^c	12 weeks (n = 19)	Δ^d	Baseline (n = 17)	6 weeks (n = 17)	Δ^c	12 weeks (n = 17)	Δ^d
Weight (kg)	46.5 (43–52)	48 (45–53)^a	1 (0.0–2)	48.5 (45–54)^a	1 (0.0–2)	51 (46–56.7)	51 (46.5–58)^b	0.5 (0.0–1)	51.5 (46.5–58)^b	0.7 (0.25–1.5)
BMI (kg/m²)	21 (18.3–22.1)	21.3 (20–22)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	21.3 (20.1–22.2)^a	0.4 (0.0–0.9)	20.4 (19.4–23)	20.7 (19.6–23)^b	0.2 (0.0–0.5)	20.7 (19.6–23.6)^b	0.30 (0.10–.60)
MAC (cm)	24 (21.3–26)	24.5 (23–26.5)^a	0.2 (0.0–1.2)	24.5 (23–27)^a	0.5 (0.2–1.5)	23.5 (22–27.3)	24.5 (22.8–27)^b	0.5 (0.1–1)	24.7 (23–27.5)^b	0.7 (0.1–1.1)
AMC (mm)	205 (192–238.6)	219 (201.4–238.6)^a	2.7 (0.0–9.1)	220 (202.4–244.3)^a	5 (0.0–10)	211.2 (191.3–245)	216.7 (197–239)^b	5 (0.4–7.8)	217.4 (200.6–241.7)^b	7 (0.4–10)
AMA (cm²)	28.5 ± 11.49	29.2 ± 7.6^a	0.71 ± 6.1	29.7 ± 7.5^a	1.2 ± 5.9	32 ± 12.8	29 ± 9.9^b	−2.9 ± 7.8	29.8 ± 9.7^b	−2.3 ± 7.7
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	7.7 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 3.5^a	0.42 ± ± 1.01	8.1 ± 3.6^a	0.42 ± 1.07	9.1 ± 5.3	9.5 ± 5.3^b	0.41 ± 0.79	9.5 ± 5.4^b	0.35 ± 0.93
FM% from anthropometry	17 ± 6.5	17.6 ± 6.3^a	0.63 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 6.5^a	0.65 ± 1.4	20 ± 8.6	21.2 ± 8.9^b	0.22 ± 0.99	20.3 ± 9^b	0.34 ± 1
Handgrip strength (kg)	16 (10–24)	18.2 (11.5–26)^a	1 (1–3)	20.6 (15–27)^a	2.8 (1–5)	20 (16–24.5)	20.2 (17.5–30)^b	1.6 (0.2–3.2)	22 (17.5–31)^b	2.6 (0.35–4.6)
R (ohm)	585.2 (505.3–664)	598 (559–666)^a	−12 (−32–24)	567 (529–634)^a	−16 (−73–16)	572.6 (488–641)	553 (515–655)^b	40 (−27–56)	538 (486–657)^b	0.7 (−35.3–47.2)
Xc (ohm)	63 (46.7–77)	64 (51–78)^a	−1.6 (−6–9.1)	64 (47–65)^a	−0.6 (−5.7–12)	57.8 (44.7–72.6)	58 (48–74)^b	2.1 (−2.6–7.2)	57.7 (49.6–78.6)^b	2.7 (−1.3–10)
Phase angle (°)	5.9 ± 1.4	6 ± 1.5^a	0.16 ± 0.31	6.2 ± 1.4^a	0.31 ± 0.59	5.8 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.9^b	0.04 ± 0.51	6.1 ± 0.75^b	0.33 ± 0.47

Anthropometric indicators are mean ± SD or median (ﬁrst and third quartiles).

ONS, oral nutritional supplementation; ONS + RE, oral nutritional supplementation plus resistance exercise; BMI, body mass index; MAC, midarm circumference; AMC, arm muscle circumference; AMA, arm muscle area; FM%, fat mass as percentage of body weight; R, resistance at 50 kHz; Xc, reactance at 50 kHz. No statistical difference was found in deltas between groups.

^aP < 0.05, compared with the NS group at baseline.

^bP < 0.05, compared with the NS + RE group at baseline.

^cΔ = difference between baseline and 6 weeks

^dΔ = difference between baseline and 12 weeks.

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