Table 1.
Open in new tab

Baseline characteristics of the total cohort (N = 177)

Time since TX (years), mean ± SD6.9 ± 6.2
Age (years), mean ± SD56 ± 13
Deceased donor recipients, n (%)118 (66.7)
Prevalent episode of rejection, n (%)23 (13.0)
Cold ischemia time (min), median (IQR)769 (110–1020)
Warm ischemia time (min), mean ± SD48.5 ± 15.4
Gender (female), n (%)67 (37.6)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD27 ± 6
Prevalent CVD (yes), n (%)42 (23.6)
Prevalent PCI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent AMI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent CABG (yes), n (%)13 (7.3)
Prevalent CTEA (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent stroke (yes), n (%)11 (62.1)
Prevalent PAD bypass (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent PAD stent (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
AF (yes), n (%)10 (5.6)
PM (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Family history of CVD (yes), n (%)46 (26.0)
DM (yes), n (%)52 (29.2)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD147 ± 20
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD87 ± 11
Current smoker (yes), n (%)24 (13.5)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD46 ± 17
Albuminuria (mg/g crea), median (IQR)48 (11–191)
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (IQR)138 (102–198)
LDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD115 ± 34
HDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD58 ± 18
Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD13.1 ± 1.6
Calcium (mmol/L), mean ± SD2.4 ± 0.2
Phosphorus (mg/dL), mean ± SD3.1 ± 0.7
Ferritin (ng/mL), median (IQR)170 (93–357)
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR)2.2 (1–5.6)
Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean ± SD31 ± 14
NT-proBNP (ng/L), median (IQR)366 (155–972)
Troponin T (ng/L), median (IQR)17 (11–31)
LVMI (g/m2), mean ± SD101 ± 28
LVEF (%), mean ± SD73 ± 12
LAVI (mL/m2), mean ± SD43 ± 14
E:eʹ, mean ± SD9 ± 4
Normal cardiac geometry (yes), n (%)62 (37.5)
Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)34 (18.5)
Concentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)33 (17.9)
Concentric cardiac remodeling (yes), n (%)48 (26.1)
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve stenose (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
Severe mitral valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)7 (4.0)
Severe mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
Mild-to-moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)9 (5.1)
Severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
ACE inhibitors (yes), n (%)57 (32.0)
ARB (yes), n (%)56 (31.5)
Beta blockers (yes), n (%)137 (77.0)
MRA (yes), n (%)8 (4.5)
Cyclosporine A (yes), n (%)22 (12.4)
Tacrolimus (yes), n (%)116 (65.2)
Azathioprine (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
MMF (yes), n (%)109 (61.2)
Steroids (yes), n (%)135 (75.8)
Sirolimus (yes), n (%)27 (15.2)
Everolimus (yes), n (%)2 (1.1)
Time since TX (years), mean ± SD6.9 ± 6.2
Age (years), mean ± SD56 ± 13
Deceased donor recipients, n (%)118 (66.7)
Prevalent episode of rejection, n (%)23 (13.0)
Cold ischemia time (min), median (IQR)769 (110–1020)
Warm ischemia time (min), mean ± SD48.5 ± 15.4
Gender (female), n (%)67 (37.6)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD27 ± 6
Prevalent CVD (yes), n (%)42 (23.6)
Prevalent PCI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent AMI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent CABG (yes), n (%)13 (7.3)
Prevalent CTEA (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent stroke (yes), n (%)11 (62.1)
Prevalent PAD bypass (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent PAD stent (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
AF (yes), n (%)10 (5.6)
PM (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Family history of CVD (yes), n (%)46 (26.0)
DM (yes), n (%)52 (29.2)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD147 ± 20
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD87 ± 11
Current smoker (yes), n (%)24 (13.5)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD46 ± 17
Albuminuria (mg/g crea), median (IQR)48 (11–191)
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (IQR)138 (102–198)
LDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD115 ± 34
HDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD58 ± 18
Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD13.1 ± 1.6
Calcium (mmol/L), mean ± SD2.4 ± 0.2
Phosphorus (mg/dL), mean ± SD3.1 ± 0.7
Ferritin (ng/mL), median (IQR)170 (93–357)
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR)2.2 (1–5.6)
Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean ± SD31 ± 14
NT-proBNP (ng/L), median (IQR)366 (155–972)
Troponin T (ng/L), median (IQR)17 (11–31)
LVMI (g/m2), mean ± SD101 ± 28
LVEF (%), mean ± SD73 ± 12
LAVI (mL/m2), mean ± SD43 ± 14
E:eʹ, mean ± SD9 ± 4
Normal cardiac geometry (yes), n (%)62 (37.5)
Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)34 (18.5)
Concentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)33 (17.9)
Concentric cardiac remodeling (yes), n (%)48 (26.1)
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve stenose (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
Severe mitral valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)7 (4.0)
Severe mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
Mild-to-moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)9 (5.1)
Severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
ACE inhibitors (yes), n (%)57 (32.0)
ARB (yes), n (%)56 (31.5)
Beta blockers (yes), n (%)137 (77.0)
MRA (yes), n (%)8 (4.5)
Cyclosporine A (yes), n (%)22 (12.4)
Tacrolimus (yes), n (%)116 (65.2)
Azathioprine (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
MMF (yes), n (%)109 (61.2)
Steroids (yes), n (%)135 (75.8)
Sirolimus (yes), n (%)27 (15.2)
Everolimus (yes), n (%)2 (1.1)

TX: transplantation; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CTEA: carotid thromboendarterectomy; PAD: peripheral artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; PM: pacemaker; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages of participants. Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD. In case of skewed distribution, variables are presented as median (IQR).

Table 1.
Open in new tab

Baseline characteristics of the total cohort (N = 177)

Time since TX (years), mean ± SD6.9 ± 6.2
Age (years), mean ± SD56 ± 13
Deceased donor recipients, n (%)118 (66.7)
Prevalent episode of rejection, n (%)23 (13.0)
Cold ischemia time (min), median (IQR)769 (110–1020)
Warm ischemia time (min), mean ± SD48.5 ± 15.4
Gender (female), n (%)67 (37.6)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD27 ± 6
Prevalent CVD (yes), n (%)42 (23.6)
Prevalent PCI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent AMI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent CABG (yes), n (%)13 (7.3)
Prevalent CTEA (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent stroke (yes), n (%)11 (62.1)
Prevalent PAD bypass (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent PAD stent (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
AF (yes), n (%)10 (5.6)
PM (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Family history of CVD (yes), n (%)46 (26.0)
DM (yes), n (%)52 (29.2)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD147 ± 20
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD87 ± 11
Current smoker (yes), n (%)24 (13.5)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD46 ± 17
Albuminuria (mg/g crea), median (IQR)48 (11–191)
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (IQR)138 (102–198)
LDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD115 ± 34
HDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD58 ± 18
Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD13.1 ± 1.6
Calcium (mmol/L), mean ± SD2.4 ± 0.2
Phosphorus (mg/dL), mean ± SD3.1 ± 0.7
Ferritin (ng/mL), median (IQR)170 (93–357)
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR)2.2 (1–5.6)
Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean ± SD31 ± 14
NT-proBNP (ng/L), median (IQR)366 (155–972)
Troponin T (ng/L), median (IQR)17 (11–31)
LVMI (g/m2), mean ± SD101 ± 28
LVEF (%), mean ± SD73 ± 12
LAVI (mL/m2), mean ± SD43 ± 14
E:eʹ, mean ± SD9 ± 4
Normal cardiac geometry (yes), n (%)62 (37.5)
Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)34 (18.5)
Concentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)33 (17.9)
Concentric cardiac remodeling (yes), n (%)48 (26.1)
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve stenose (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
Severe mitral valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)7 (4.0)
Severe mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
Mild-to-moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)9 (5.1)
Severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
ACE inhibitors (yes), n (%)57 (32.0)
ARB (yes), n (%)56 (31.5)
Beta blockers (yes), n (%)137 (77.0)
MRA (yes), n (%)8 (4.5)
Cyclosporine A (yes), n (%)22 (12.4)
Tacrolimus (yes), n (%)116 (65.2)
Azathioprine (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
MMF (yes), n (%)109 (61.2)
Steroids (yes), n (%)135 (75.8)
Sirolimus (yes), n (%)27 (15.2)
Everolimus (yes), n (%)2 (1.1)
Time since TX (years), mean ± SD6.9 ± 6.2
Age (years), mean ± SD56 ± 13
Deceased donor recipients, n (%)118 (66.7)
Prevalent episode of rejection, n (%)23 (13.0)
Cold ischemia time (min), median (IQR)769 (110–1020)
Warm ischemia time (min), mean ± SD48.5 ± 15.4
Gender (female), n (%)67 (37.6)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD27 ± 6
Prevalent CVD (yes), n (%)42 (23.6)
Prevalent PCI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent AMI (yes), n (%)20 (11.3)
Prevalent CABG (yes), n (%)13 (7.3)
Prevalent CTEA (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent stroke (yes), n (%)11 (62.1)
Prevalent PAD bypass (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
Prevalent PAD stent (yes), n (%)1 (0.6)
AF (yes), n (%)10 (5.6)
PM (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Family history of CVD (yes), n (%)46 (26.0)
DM (yes), n (%)52 (29.2)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD147 ± 20
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD87 ± 11
Current smoker (yes), n (%)24 (13.5)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD46 ± 17
Albuminuria (mg/g crea), median (IQR)48 (11–191)
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (IQR)138 (102–198)
LDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD115 ± 34
HDL-C (mg/dL), mean ± SD58 ± 18
Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD13.1 ± 1.6
Calcium (mmol/L), mean ± SD2.4 ± 0.2
Phosphorus (mg/dL), mean ± SD3.1 ± 0.7
Ferritin (ng/mL), median (IQR)170 (93–357)
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR)2.2 (1–5.6)
Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean ± SD31 ± 14
NT-proBNP (ng/L), median (IQR)366 (155–972)
Troponin T (ng/L), median (IQR)17 (11–31)
LVMI (g/m2), mean ± SD101 ± 28
LVEF (%), mean ± SD73 ± 12
LAVI (mL/m2), mean ± SD43 ± 14
E:eʹ, mean ± SD9 ± 4
Normal cardiac geometry (yes), n (%)62 (37.5)
Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)34 (18.5)
Concentric cardiac hypertrophy (yes), n (%)33 (17.9)
Concentric cardiac remodeling (yes), n (%)48 (26.1)
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)12 (6.8)
Severe aortic valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve stenose (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
Severe mitral valve stenosis (yes), n (%)0
Mild-to-moderate mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)7 (4.0)
Severe mitral valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
Mild-to-moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)9 (5.1)
Severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (yes), n (%)3 (1.7)
ACE inhibitors (yes), n (%)57 (32.0)
ARB (yes), n (%)56 (31.5)
Beta blockers (yes), n (%)137 (77.0)
MRA (yes), n (%)8 (4.5)
Cyclosporine A (yes), n (%)22 (12.4)
Tacrolimus (yes), n (%)116 (65.2)
Azathioprine (yes), n (%)5 (2.8)
MMF (yes), n (%)109 (61.2)
Steroids (yes), n (%)135 (75.8)
Sirolimus (yes), n (%)27 (15.2)
Everolimus (yes), n (%)2 (1.1)

TX: transplantation; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CTEA: carotid thromboendarterectomy; PAD: peripheral artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; PM: pacemaker; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages of participants. Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD. In case of skewed distribution, variables are presented as median (IQR).

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