Open in new tab Fixed effects analysis...

	Lower income only	Lower educated only	Youngest cohort only
Household income
First decile	ref.		ref.		ref.
Second decile	0.003	0.020	0.027	0.030	−0.078	0.050
Third decile	0.008	0.024	0.039	0.036	−0.107	0.062
Fourth decile	−0.004	0.029	0.029	0.040	−0.056	0.061
Fifth decile	−0.029	0.036	−0.039	0.042	−0.028	0.061
Sixth decile	0.042	0.045	−0.030	0.043	−0.007	0.068
Seventh decile	−0.006	0.077	−0.008	0.046	0.042	0.068
Eighth decile	0.115	0.060	0.013	0.051	−0.002	0.069
Ninth decile	−0.088	0.118	−0.022	0.052	−0.019	0.069
Tenth decile	−0.287	0.151	0.029	0.062	−0.028	0.079
Employment status
Employed, job secure	ref.		ref.		ref.
Employed, job somewhat secure	−0.007	0.017	0.016	0.021	0.011	0.035
Employed, job somewhat insecure	−0.012	0.021	−0.009	0.025	−0.046	0.048
Employed, job insecure	0.003	0.028	−0.060	0.036	−0.017	0.070
Unemployed	−0.038	0.034	−0.075	0.041	−0.134^*	0.063
Non-employed	−0.018	0.025	−0.013	0.029	0.103	0.092
Others	0.010	0.040	0.011	0.070	−0.087	0.049
Personal financial dissatisfaction	0.006	0.005	−0.006	0.006	0.001	0.008
National financial dissatisfaction	0.020^***	0.005	0.014^*	0.006	0.020	0.011
Educational attainment	0.001	0.008	−0.008	0.010	−0.007	0.009
Domestic situation
Single	ref.		ref.		ref.
Single, with child(ren)	−0.021	0.051	−0.093	0.069	−0.001	0.092
(Un)married cohabitation, without child(ren)	−0.012	0.050	−0.029	0.064	−0.026	0.057
(Un)married cohabitation, with child(ren)	−0.082	0.052	0.034	0.068	−0.090	0.065
Others	0.032	0.088	0.014	0.105	−0.042	0.080
Denomination
None	ref.		ref.		ref.
Catholic	−0.011	0.026	−0.051^*	0.025	0.094	0.058
Protestant	0.025	0.032	0.059	0.037	−0.039	0.059
Other Christian religion	−0.014	0.069	−0.089	0.081	0.031	0.097
Other non-Christian religion	−0.096	0.077	−0.057	0.082	−0.348	0.215
Religious service attendance	0.001	0.013	0.008	0.014	−0.015	0.023
Constant	3.069^***	0.104	3.373^***	0.120	3.539^***	0.134
N_observations	7,074		5,257		2,462
N_respondents	1,334		921		509

Lower income only

Lower educated only

Youngest cohort only

Household income

First decile

ref.

Second decile

0.003

0.020

0.027

0.030

−0.078

0.050

Third decile

0.008

0.024

0.039

0.036

−0.107

0.062

Fourth decile

−0.004

0.029

0.040

−0.056

0.061

Fifth decile

−0.029

0.036

−0.039

0.042

−0.028

0.061

Sixth decile

0.042

0.045

−0.030

0.043

−0.007

0.068

Seventh decile

−0.006

0.077

−0.008

0.046

0.042

0.068

Eighth decile

0.115

0.060

0.013

0.051

−0.002

0.069

Ninth decile

−0.088

0.118

−0.022

0.052

−0.019

0.069

Tenth decile

−0.287

0.151

0.029

0.062

−0.028

0.079

Employment status

Employed, job secure

ref.

Employed, job somewhat secure

−0.007

0.017

0.016

0.021

0.011

0.035

Employed, job somewhat insecure

−0.012

0.021

−0.009

0.025

−0.046

0.048

Employed, job insecure

0.003

0.028

−0.060

0.036

−0.017

0.070

Unemployed

−0.038

0.034

−0.075

0.041

−0.134^*

0.063

Non-employed

−0.018

0.025

−0.013

0.029

0.103

0.092

Others

0.010

0.040

0.011

0.070

−0.087

0.049

Personal financial dissatisfaction

0.006

0.005

−0.006

0.006

0.001

0.008

National financial dissatisfaction

0.020^***

0.005

0.014^*

0.006

0.020

0.011

Educational attainment

0.001

0.008

−0.008

0.010

−0.007

0.009

Domestic situation

Single

ref.

Single, with child(ren)

−0.021

0.051

−0.093

0.069

−0.001

0.092

(Un)married cohabitation, without child(ren)

−0.012

0.050

−0.029

0.064

−0.026

0.057

(Un)married cohabitation, with child(ren)

−0.082

0.052

0.034

0.068

−0.090

0.065

Others

0.032

0.088

0.014

0.105

−0.042

0.080

Denomination

None

ref.

Catholic

−0.011

0.026

−0.051^*

0.025

0.094

0.058

Protestant

0.025

0.032

0.059

0.037

−0.039

0.059

Other Christian religion

−0.014

0.069

−0.089

0.081

0.031

0.097

Other non-Christian religion

−0.096

0.077

−0.057

0.082

−0.348

0.215

Religious service attendance

0.001

0.013

0.008

0.014

−0.015

0.023

Constant

3.069^***

0.104

3.373^***

0.120

3.539^***

0.134

N_observations

7,074

5,257

2,462

N_respondents

1,334

921

509

	Lower income only	Lower educated only	Youngest cohort only
Household income
First decile	ref.		ref.		ref.
Second decile	0.003	0.020	0.027	0.030	−0.078	0.050
Third decile	0.008	0.024	0.039	0.036	−0.107	0.062
Fourth decile	−0.004	0.029	0.029	0.040	−0.056	0.061
Fifth decile	−0.029	0.036	−0.039	0.042	−0.028	0.061
Sixth decile	0.042	0.045	−0.030	0.043	−0.007	0.068
Seventh decile	−0.006	0.077	−0.008	0.046	0.042	0.068
Eighth decile	0.115	0.060	0.013	0.051	−0.002	0.069
Ninth decile	−0.088	0.118	−0.022	0.052	−0.019	0.069
Tenth decile	−0.287	0.151	0.029	0.062	−0.028	0.079
Employment status
Employed, job secure	ref.		ref.		ref.
Employed, job somewhat secure	−0.007	0.017	0.016	0.021	0.011	0.035
Employed, job somewhat insecure	−0.012	0.021	−0.009	0.025	−0.046	0.048
Employed, job insecure	0.003	0.028	−0.060	0.036	−0.017	0.070
Unemployed	−0.038	0.034	−0.075	0.041	−0.134^*	0.063
Non-employed	−0.018	0.025	−0.013	0.029	0.103	0.092
Others	0.010	0.040	0.011	0.070	−0.087	0.049
Personal financial dissatisfaction	0.006	0.005	−0.006	0.006	0.001	0.008
National financial dissatisfaction	0.020^***	0.005	0.014^*	0.006	0.020	0.011
Educational attainment	0.001	0.008	−0.008	0.010	−0.007	0.009
Domestic situation
Single	ref.		ref.		ref.
Single, with child(ren)	−0.021	0.051	−0.093	0.069	−0.001	0.092
(Un)married cohabitation, without child(ren)	−0.012	0.050	−0.029	0.064	−0.026	0.057
(Un)married cohabitation, with child(ren)	−0.082	0.052	0.034	0.068	−0.090	0.065
Others	0.032	0.088	0.014	0.105	−0.042	0.080
Denomination
None	ref.		ref.		ref.
Catholic	−0.011	0.026	−0.051^*	0.025	0.094	0.058
Protestant	0.025	0.032	0.059	0.037	−0.039	0.059
Other Christian religion	−0.014	0.069	−0.089	0.081	0.031	0.097
Other non-Christian religion	−0.096	0.077	−0.057	0.082	−0.348	0.215
Religious service attendance	0.001	0.013	0.008	0.014	−0.015	0.023
Constant	3.069^***	0.104	3.373^***	0.120	3.539^***	0.134
N_observations	7,074		5,257		2,462
N_respondents	1,334		921		509

Open in new tab

Fixed effects analysis of negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities, estimated for particular groups

	Lower income only		Lower educated only		Youngest cohort only
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Household income
First decile	ref.		ref.		ref.
Second decile	0.003	0.020	0.027	0.030	−0.078	0.050
Third decile	0.008	0.024	0.039	0.036	−0.107	0.062
Fourth decile	−0.004	0.029	0.029	0.040	−0.056	0.061
Fifth decile	−0.029	0.036	−0.039	0.042	−0.028	0.061
Sixth decile	0.042	0.045	−0.030	0.043	−0.007	0.068
Seventh decile	−0.006	0.077	−0.008	0.046	0.042	0.068
Eighth decile	0.115	0.060	0.013	0.051	−0.002	0.069
Ninth decile	−0.088	0.118	−0.022	0.052	−0.019	0.069
Tenth decile	−0.287	0.151	0.029	0.062	−0.028	0.079
Employment status
Employed, job secure	ref.		ref.		ref.
Employed, job somewhat secure	−0.007	0.017	0.016	0.021	0.011	0.035
Employed, job somewhat insecure	−0.012	0.021	−0.009	0.025	−0.046	0.048
Employed, job insecure	0.003	0.028	−0.060	0.036	−0.017	0.070
Unemployed	−0.038	0.034	−0.075	0.041	−0.134^*	0.063
Non-employed	−0.018	0.025	−0.013	0.029	0.103	0.092
Others	0.010	0.040	0.011	0.070	−0.087	0.049
Personal financial dissatisfaction	0.006	0.005	−0.006	0.006	0.001	0.008
National financial dissatisfaction	0.020^***	0.005	0.014^*	0.006	0.020	0.011
Educational attainment	0.001	0.008	−0.008	0.010	−0.007	0.009
Domestic situation
Single	ref.		ref.		ref.
Single, with child(ren)	−0.021	0.051	−0.093	0.069	−0.001	0.092
(Un)married cohabitation, without child(ren)	−0.012	0.050	−0.029	0.064	−0.026	0.057
(Un)married cohabitation, with child(ren)	−0.082	0.052	0.034	0.068	−0.090	0.065
Others	0.032	0.088	0.014	0.105	−0.042	0.080
Denomination
None	ref.		ref.		ref.
Catholic	−0.011	0.026	−0.051^*	0.025	0.094	0.058
Protestant	0.025	0.032	0.059	0.037	−0.039	0.059
Other Christian religion	−0.014	0.069	−0.089	0.081	0.031	0.097
Other non-Christian religion	−0.096	0.077	−0.057	0.082	−0.348	0.215
Religious service attendance	0.001	0.013	0.008	0.014	−0.015	0.023
Constant	3.069^***	0.104	3.373^***	0.120	3.539^***	0.134
N_observations	7,074		5,257		2,462
N_respondents	1,334		921		509

	Lower income only		Lower educated only		Youngest cohort only
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Household income
First decile	ref.		ref.		ref.
Second decile	0.003	0.020	0.027	0.030	−0.078	0.050
Third decile	0.008	0.024	0.039	0.036	−0.107	0.062
Fourth decile	−0.004	0.029	0.029	0.040	−0.056	0.061
Fifth decile	−0.029	0.036	−0.039	0.042	−0.028	0.061
Sixth decile	0.042	0.045	−0.030	0.043	−0.007	0.068
Seventh decile	−0.006	0.077	−0.008	0.046	0.042	0.068
Eighth decile	0.115	0.060	0.013	0.051	−0.002	0.069
Ninth decile	−0.088	0.118	−0.022	0.052	−0.019	0.069
Tenth decile	−0.287	0.151	0.029	0.062	−0.028	0.079
Employment status
Employed, job secure	ref.		ref.		ref.
Employed, job somewhat secure	−0.007	0.017	0.016	0.021	0.011	0.035
Employed, job somewhat insecure	−0.012	0.021	−0.009	0.025	−0.046	0.048
Employed, job insecure	0.003	0.028	−0.060	0.036	−0.017	0.070
Unemployed	−0.038	0.034	−0.075	0.041	−0.134^*	0.063
Non-employed	−0.018	0.025	−0.013	0.029	0.103	0.092
Others	0.010	0.040	0.011	0.070	−0.087	0.049
Personal financial dissatisfaction	0.006	0.005	−0.006	0.006	0.001	0.008
National financial dissatisfaction	0.020^***	0.005	0.014^*	0.006	0.020	0.011
Educational attainment	0.001	0.008	−0.008	0.010	−0.007	0.009
Domestic situation
Single	ref.		ref.		ref.
Single, with child(ren)	−0.021	0.051	−0.093	0.069	−0.001	0.092
(Un)married cohabitation, without child(ren)	−0.012	0.050	−0.029	0.064	−0.026	0.057
(Un)married cohabitation, with child(ren)	−0.082	0.052	0.034	0.068	−0.090	0.065
Others	0.032	0.088	0.014	0.105	−0.042	0.080
Denomination
None	ref.		ref.		ref.
Catholic	−0.011	0.026	−0.051^*	0.025	0.094	0.058
Protestant	0.025	0.032	0.059	0.037	−0.039	0.059
Other Christian religion	−0.014	0.069	−0.089	0.081	0.031	0.097
Other non-Christian religion	−0.096	0.077	−0.057	0.082	−0.348	0.215
Religious service attendance	0.001	0.013	0.008	0.014	−0.015	0.023
Constant	3.069^***	0.104	3.373^***	0.120	3.539^***	0.134
N_observations	7,074		5,257		2,462
N_respondents	1,334		921		509

Note. Data from LISS Panel 2008–2018. Year dummies included but not reported.

p < .05,

p < .01,

***

p < .001 (tested two-tailed).

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