Table 4. Open in new tab Pearson...

Trait	Trait description	Trait class	Time^a	Year 1^b	Year 2
Field study
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.82	***	−0.53	**
STN	Stem number	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
MDIA	Mean stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.47	*	−0.40	*
DIA	Stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.54	**	−0.51	**
MSA	Mean stem area	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.51	**	−0.47	*
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.53	**	−0.52	**
LFL	Leaf length	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.45	*
LFP	Leaf perimeter	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.5	**
LFR	Leaf ratio	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.42	*
LFF	Leaf shape factor	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	−0.51	**
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	1	0.58	**		n.s.
CDIA	Basal crown diameter	Architecture	1, 2	−0.40	*	−0.65	***
FORM	Crown form	Architecture	1, 2	0.46	*	0.65	***
DEN	Wood density	Composition	2	–	n.s.	−0.41	*
DVOL	Wood density × stem volume	Biomass	1, 2	−0.56	**	−0.58	**
Greenhouse study
SDW	Stem dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.52	**
LDW	Leaf dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.57	**
RDW	Root dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.73	***
AGB	Aboveground dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.56	**
TBM	Total dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.65	***
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.68	***
MSL	Mean stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.60	***
TSL	Total stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.59	**
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	70	−0.48	**
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	70	−0.60	***
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	70	0.31	*
PHE	Vegetative phenology	Leaf growth	11, 13	−0.52	**
SPAD	Chlorophyll content	Leaf growth	14	−0.39	*

Trait

Trait description

Trait class

Time^a

Year 1^b

Year 2

Field study

Plot height

Stem growth

1, 2

−0.82

***

−0.53

STN

Stem number

Stem growth

−0.41

–

n.s.

MDIA

Mean stem diameter

Stem growth

1, 2

−0.47

−0.40

DIA

Stem diameter

Stem growth

1, 2

−0.54

−0.51

MSA

Mean stem area

Stem growth

−0.41

–

n.s.

Stem area

Stem growth

1, 2

−0.51

−0.47

VOL

Stem volume

Stem growth

1, 2

−0.53

−0.52

LFL

Leaf length

Leaf growth

–

n.s.

0.45

LFP

Leaf perimeter

Leaf growth

–

n.s.

0.5

LFR

Leaf ratio

Leaf growth

–

n.s.

0.42

LFF

Leaf shape factor

Leaf growth

–

n.s.

−0.51

SLA

Specific leaf area

Leaf growth

0.58

n.s.

CDIA

Basal crown diameter

Architecture

1, 2

−0.40

−0.65

***

FORM

Crown form

Architecture

1, 2

0.46

0.65

***

DEN

Wood density

Composition

–

n.s.

−0.41

DVOL

Wood density × stem volume

Biomass

1, 2

−0.56

−0.58

Greenhouse study

SDW

Stem dry mass

Biomass

−0.52

LDW

Leaf dry mass

Biomass

−0.57

RDW

Root dry mass

Biomass

−0.73

***

AGB

Aboveground dry mass

Biomass

−0.56

TBM

Total dry mass

Biomass

−0.65

***

Plot height

Stem growth

42, 21–56

−0.68

***

MSL

Mean stem length

Stem growth

42, 21–56

−0.60

***

TSL

Total stem length

Stem growth

42, 21–56

−0.59

Stem area

Stem growth

−0.48

VOL

Stem volume

Stem growth

−0.60

***

SLA

Specific leaf area

Leaf growth

0.31

PHE

Vegetative phenology

Leaf growth

11, 13

−0.52

SPAD

Chlorophyll content

Leaf growth

−0.39

Trait	Trait description	Trait class	Time^a	Year 1^b	Year 2
Field study
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.82	***	−0.53	**
STN	Stem number	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
MDIA	Mean stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.47	*	−0.40	*
DIA	Stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.54	**	−0.51	**
MSA	Mean stem area	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.51	**	−0.47	*
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.53	**	−0.52	**
LFL	Leaf length	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.45	*
LFP	Leaf perimeter	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.5	**
LFR	Leaf ratio	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.42	*
LFF	Leaf shape factor	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	−0.51	**
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	1	0.58	**		n.s.
CDIA	Basal crown diameter	Architecture	1, 2	−0.40	*	−0.65	***
FORM	Crown form	Architecture	1, 2	0.46	*	0.65	***
DEN	Wood density	Composition	2	–	n.s.	−0.41	*
DVOL	Wood density × stem volume	Biomass	1, 2	−0.56	**	−0.58	**
Greenhouse study
SDW	Stem dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.52	**
LDW	Leaf dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.57	**
RDW	Root dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.73	***
AGB	Aboveground dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.56	**
TBM	Total dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.65	***
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.68	***
MSL	Mean stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.60	***
TSL	Total stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.59	**
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	70	−0.48	**
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	70	−0.60	***
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	70	0.31	*
PHE	Vegetative phenology	Leaf growth	11, 13	−0.52	**
SPAD	Chlorophyll content	Leaf growth	14	−0.39	*

Table 4.

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Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of heterosis for biomass-related traits and the mean percentage of each locus in triploid progeny attributable to the respective diploid parent (diploid %).

Trait	Trait description	Trait class	Time^a	Year 1^b		Year 2
Field study
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.82	***	−0.53	**
STN	Stem number	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
MDIA	Mean stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.47	*	−0.40	*
DIA	Stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.54	**	−0.51	**
MSA	Mean stem area	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.51	**	−0.47	*
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.53	**	−0.52	**
LFL	Leaf length	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.45	*
LFP	Leaf perimeter	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.5	**
LFR	Leaf ratio	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.42	*
LFF	Leaf shape factor	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	−0.51	**
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	1	0.58	**		n.s.
CDIA	Basal crown diameter	Architecture	1, 2	−0.40	*	−0.65	***
FORM	Crown form	Architecture	1, 2	0.46	*	0.65	***
DEN	Wood density	Composition	2	–	n.s.	−0.41	*
DVOL	Wood density × stem volume	Biomass	1, 2	−0.56	**	−0.58	**
Greenhouse study
SDW	Stem dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.52	**
LDW	Leaf dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.57	**
RDW	Root dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.73	***
AGB	Aboveground dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.56	**
TBM	Total dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.65	***
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.68	***
MSL	Mean stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.60	***
TSL	Total stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.59	**
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	70	−0.48	**
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	70	−0.60	***
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	70	0.31	*
PHE	Vegetative phenology	Leaf growth	11, 13	−0.52	**
SPAD	Chlorophyll content	Leaf growth	14	−0.39	*

Trait	Trait description	Trait class	Time^a	Year 1^b		Year 2
Field study
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.82	***	−0.53	**
STN	Stem number	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
MDIA	Mean stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.47	*	−0.40	*
DIA	Stem diameter	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.54	**	−0.51	**
MSA	Mean stem area	Stem growth	1	−0.41	*	–	n.s.
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.51	**	−0.47	*
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	1, 2	−0.53	**	−0.52	**
LFL	Leaf length	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.45	*
LFP	Leaf perimeter	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.5	**
LFR	Leaf ratio	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	0.42	*
LFF	Leaf shape factor	Leaf growth	2	–	n.s.	−0.51	**
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	1	0.58	**		n.s.
CDIA	Basal crown diameter	Architecture	1, 2	−0.40	*	−0.65	***
FORM	Crown form	Architecture	1, 2	0.46	*	0.65	***
DEN	Wood density	Composition	2	–	n.s.	−0.41	*
DVOL	Wood density × stem volume	Biomass	1, 2	−0.56	**	−0.58	**
Greenhouse study
SDW	Stem dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.52	**
LDW	Leaf dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.57	**
RDW	Root dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.73	***
AGB	Aboveground dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.56	**
TBM	Total dry mass	Biomass	70	−0.65	***
HT	Plot height	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.68	***
MSL	Mean stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.60	***
TSL	Total stem length	Stem growth	42, 21–56	−0.59	**
SA	Stem area	Stem growth	70	−0.48	**
VOL	Stem volume	Stem growth	70	−0.60	***
SLA	Specific leaf area	Leaf growth	70	0.31	*
PHE	Vegetative phenology	Leaf growth	11, 13	−0.52	**
SPAD	Chlorophyll content	Leaf growth	14	−0.39	*

Time in years since coppice (field study) or days after planting (greenhouse study).

Asterisks ***, **, * denote significant at P-value < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively.

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