| . | Full sample . | Married (n = 6,122) . | Widowed (n = 2,360) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | t or χ 2 . |
| Variables | ||||
| Friendship (0–5) | 2.18 (1.56) | 2.21 (0.02) | 2.09 (0.03) | −3.15** |
| Depressive symptoms (0–18) | 4.57 (3.56) | 4.17 (0.04) | 5.50 (0.08) | 15.05*** |
| Cognitive functioning (3–16) | 13.13 (3.01) | 13.46 (0.04) | 12.26 (0.07) | −16.74*** |
| Covariates | ||||
| Age group 60–74, % | 75.22 | 83.26 | 54.36 | 762.83*** |
| Female, % | 46.13 | 38.21 | 66.68 | 555.41*** |
| Education, % | 407.35*** | |||
| No formal education | 22.90 | 17.31 | 37.41 | |
| Elementary/middle school | 57.32 | 60.40 | 49.32 | |
| High school and above | 19.78 | 22.29 | 13.26 | |
| Rural hukou status, % | 44.36 | 42.98 | 47.92 | 16.82*** |
| Annual income; yuan (0–960,000) | 21,060 (25,519) | 22,456 (321.49) | 17,385 (617.46) | −7.85*** |
| Income (logged: 0–13.77) | 9.16 (1.90) | 9.27 (0.02) | 8.85 (0.04) | −8.87*** |
| Had a chronic disease, % | 72.33 | 70.36 | 77.45 | 42.40*** |
| ADL limitations (0–6) | 0.11 (0.59) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 5.19*** |
| Self-rated health (1–5) | 3.32 (1.07) | 3.36 (0.01) | 3.20 (0.02) | −6.20*** |
| Working for pay, % | 19.91 | 23.24 | 11.24 | 153.67*** |
| . | Full sample . | Married (n = 6,122) . | Widowed (n = 2,360) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | t or χ 2 . |
| Variables | ||||
| Friendship (0–5) | 2.18 (1.56) | 2.21 (0.02) | 2.09 (0.03) | −3.15** |
| Depressive symptoms (0–18) | 4.57 (3.56) | 4.17 (0.04) | 5.50 (0.08) | 15.05*** |
| Cognitive functioning (3–16) | 13.13 (3.01) | 13.46 (0.04) | 12.26 (0.07) | −16.74*** |
| Covariates | ||||
| Age group 60–74, % | 75.22 | 83.26 | 54.36 | 762.83*** |
| Female, % | 46.13 | 38.21 | 66.68 | 555.41*** |
| Education, % | 407.35*** | |||
| No formal education | 22.90 | 17.31 | 37.41 | |
| Elementary/middle school | 57.32 | 60.40 | 49.32 | |
| High school and above | 19.78 | 22.29 | 13.26 | |
| Rural hukou status, % | 44.36 | 42.98 | 47.92 | 16.82*** |
| Annual income; yuan (0–960,000) | 21,060 (25,519) | 22,456 (321.49) | 17,385 (617.46) | −7.85*** |
| Income (logged: 0–13.77) | 9.16 (1.90) | 9.27 (0.02) | 8.85 (0.04) | −8.87*** |
| Had a chronic disease, % | 72.33 | 70.36 | 77.45 | 42.40*** |
| ADL limitations (0–6) | 0.11 (0.59) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 5.19*** |
| Self-rated health (1–5) | 3.32 (1.07) | 3.36 (0.01) | 3.20 (0.02) | −6.20*** |
| Working for pay, % | 19.91 | 23.24 | 11.24 | 153.67*** |
Notes: N = 8,482. ADL = activities of daily living; CLASS = Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey; SD = standard deviation.
**p < .01. ***p < .001.
| . | Full sample . | Married (n = 6,122) . | Widowed (n = 2,360) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | t or χ 2 . |
| Variables | ||||
| Friendship (0–5) | 2.18 (1.56) | 2.21 (0.02) | 2.09 (0.03) | −3.15** |
| Depressive symptoms (0–18) | 4.57 (3.56) | 4.17 (0.04) | 5.50 (0.08) | 15.05*** |
| Cognitive functioning (3–16) | 13.13 (3.01) | 13.46 (0.04) | 12.26 (0.07) | −16.74*** |
| Covariates | ||||
| Age group 60–74, % | 75.22 | 83.26 | 54.36 | 762.83*** |
| Female, % | 46.13 | 38.21 | 66.68 | 555.41*** |
| Education, % | 407.35*** | |||
| No formal education | 22.90 | 17.31 | 37.41 | |
| Elementary/middle school | 57.32 | 60.40 | 49.32 | |
| High school and above | 19.78 | 22.29 | 13.26 | |
| Rural hukou status, % | 44.36 | 42.98 | 47.92 | 16.82*** |
| Annual income; yuan (0–960,000) | 21,060 (25,519) | 22,456 (321.49) | 17,385 (617.46) | −7.85*** |
| Income (logged: 0–13.77) | 9.16 (1.90) | 9.27 (0.02) | 8.85 (0.04) | −8.87*** |
| Had a chronic disease, % | 72.33 | 70.36 | 77.45 | 42.40*** |
| ADL limitations (0–6) | 0.11 (0.59) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 5.19*** |
| Self-rated health (1–5) | 3.32 (1.07) | 3.36 (0.01) | 3.20 (0.02) | −6.20*** |
| Working for pay, % | 19.91 | 23.24 | 11.24 | 153.67*** |
| . | Full sample . | Married (n = 6,122) . | Widowed (n = 2,360) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | M (SD) . | t or χ 2 . |
| Variables | ||||
| Friendship (0–5) | 2.18 (1.56) | 2.21 (0.02) | 2.09 (0.03) | −3.15** |
| Depressive symptoms (0–18) | 4.57 (3.56) | 4.17 (0.04) | 5.50 (0.08) | 15.05*** |
| Cognitive functioning (3–16) | 13.13 (3.01) | 13.46 (0.04) | 12.26 (0.07) | −16.74*** |
| Covariates | ||||
| Age group 60–74, % | 75.22 | 83.26 | 54.36 | 762.83*** |
| Female, % | 46.13 | 38.21 | 66.68 | 555.41*** |
| Education, % | 407.35*** | |||
| No formal education | 22.90 | 17.31 | 37.41 | |
| Elementary/middle school | 57.32 | 60.40 | 49.32 | |
| High school and above | 19.78 | 22.29 | 13.26 | |
| Rural hukou status, % | 44.36 | 42.98 | 47.92 | 16.82*** |
| Annual income; yuan (0–960,000) | 21,060 (25,519) | 22,456 (321.49) | 17,385 (617.46) | −7.85*** |
| Income (logged: 0–13.77) | 9.16 (1.90) | 9.27 (0.02) | 8.85 (0.04) | −8.87*** |
| Had a chronic disease, % | 72.33 | 70.36 | 77.45 | 42.40*** |
| ADL limitations (0–6) | 0.11 (0.59) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 5.19*** |
| Self-rated health (1–5) | 3.32 (1.07) | 3.36 (0.01) | 3.20 (0.02) | −6.20*** |
| Working for pay, % | 19.91 | 23.24 | 11.24 | 153.67*** |
Notes: N = 8,482. ADL = activities of daily living; CLASS = Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey; SD = standard deviation.
**p < .01. ***p < .001.
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