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AF = atrial fibrillation; AVB = atrioventricular block; AVJ = atrioventricular junction; BBB = bundle branch block; b.p.m. = beats per minute; CIED = cardiovascular implantable electronic device; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D = defibrillator with cardiac resynchronization therapy; CSM = carotid sinus massage; DDD = dual-chamber, atrioventricular pacing; ECG = electrocardiogram; EPS = electrophysiology study; HF = heart failure; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HV = His–ventricular interval; ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ILR = implantable loop recorder; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NYHA = New York Heart Association; OMT = optimal medical therapy; RBBB = right bundle branch block; RV = right ventricular; SAS = sleep apnoea syndrome; SND = sinus node dysfunction; SR = sinus rhythm; TAVI = transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Class of recommendation.
Level of evidence.
CSM should not be undertaken in patients with previous transient ischaemic attack, stroke, or known carotid stenosis. Carotid auscultation should be performed before CSM. If a carotid bruit is present, carotid ultrasound should be performed to exclude carotid disease.
Complete blood counts, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, serum creatinine, and electrolytes.
In asymptomatic narrow QRS complex and 2:1 AVB, pacing may be avoided if supra-Hisian block is clinically suspected (concomitant Wenckebach is observed and block disappears with exercise) or demonstrated at EPS.
Whenever pacing is indicated in neuromuscular disease, CRT or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered according to relevant guidelines.
Combination of MRI conditional generator and lead(s) from the same manufacturer.
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AF = atrial fibrillation; AVB = atrioventricular block; AVJ = atrioventricular junction; BBB = bundle branch block; b.p.m. = beats per minute; CIED = cardiovascular implantable electronic device; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D = defibrillator with cardiac resynchronization therapy; CSM = carotid sinus massage; DDD = dual-chamber, atrioventricular pacing; ECG = electrocardiogram; EPS = electrophysiology study; HF = heart failure; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HV = His–ventricular interval; ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ILR = implantable loop recorder; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NYHA = New York Heart Association; OMT = optimal medical therapy; RBBB = right bundle branch block; RV = right ventricular; SAS = sleep apnoea syndrome; SND = sinus node dysfunction; SR = sinus rhythm; TAVI = transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Class of recommendation.
Level of evidence.
CSM should not be undertaken in patients with previous transient ischaemic attack, stroke, or known carotid stenosis. Carotid auscultation should be performed before CSM. If a carotid bruit is present, carotid ultrasound should be performed to exclude carotid disease.
Complete blood counts, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, serum creatinine, and electrolytes.
In asymptomatic narrow QRS complex and 2:1 AVB, pacing may be avoided if supra-Hisian block is clinically suspected (concomitant Wenckebach is observed and block disappears with exercise) or demonstrated at EPS.
Whenever pacing is indicated in neuromuscular disease, CRT or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered according to relevant guidelines.
Combination of MRI conditional generator and lead(s) from the same manufacturer.
