Table 4 Open in new tab Functional...

Variable	Controls (n = 50)	Users (n = 65)	Non-users (n = 50)
Functional indexes
Maximal HR (beats/min)	178.5 ± 10.4	172.9 ± 8.4	173.4 ± 9.8
Maximal SBP (mm Hg)	165.8 ± 15.4	185.4 ± 14.8^§	166.8 ± 10.8
Rate–pressure product (beats/min × mmHg × 10⁻³)	0.29 ± 0.2	0.32 ± 0.6^§	0.28 ± 3.4
Maximal workload achieved (W)	150.5 ± 32.4	160.2 ± 24.7	200.7 ± 33.5^*
Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)	42.9 ± 6.4	45.3 ± 8.7	55.9 ± 7.4^*
V_E/VCO₂slope	27.9 ± 4.4	29.8 ± 8.7	28.6 ± 3.4
Echocardiographic measurements
LV EF (%)	66.5 ± 4.5	63.8 ± 4.4	67.6 ± 6.1
LV GLS (%)	−26.4 ± 2.2	−22.4 ± 1.8^§	−27.3 ± 3.5
Mitral E/Em ratio	5.5 ± 2.4	9.8 ± 2.7^§	5.7 ± 2.3
TAPSE (mm)	27.6 ± 3.1	25.4 ± 2.4	28.4 ± 3.3
PASP (mmHg)	25.6 ± 3.3	40.5 ± 5.8^**	31.5 ± 4.8
TDI RV peak systolic velocity Sm (m/s)	24.7 ± 2.2	22.4 ± 3.1	25.8 ± 3.3
B-lines (median and IQR)	1.25 (0–24)	4.4 (5–38)^**	1.3 (0–27)
RV lateral strain (%)	−25.2 ± 4.5	−17.2 ± 2.6 ^**	−24.8 ± 3.1

Variable

Controls (n = 50)

Users (n = 65)

Non-users (n = 50)

Functional indexes

Maximal HR (beats/min)

178.5 ± 10.4

172.9 ± 8.4

173.4 ± 9.8

Maximal SBP (mm Hg)

165.8 ± 15.4

185.4 ± 14.8^§

166.8 ± 10.8

Rate–pressure product (beats/min × mmHg × 10⁻³)

0.29 ± 0.2

0.32 ± 0.6^§

0.28 ± 3.4

Maximal workload achieved (W)

150.5 ± 32.4

160.2 ± 24.7

200.7 ± 33.5^*

Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)

42.9 ± 6.4

45.3 ± 8.7

55.9 ± 7.4^*

V_E/VCO₂slope

27.9 ± 4.4

29.8 ± 8.7

28.6 ± 3.4

Echocardiographic measurements

LV EF (%)

66.5 ± 4.5

63.8 ± 4.4

67.6 ± 6.1

LV GLS (%)

−26.4 ± 2.2

−22.4 ± 1.8^§

−27.3 ± 3.5

Mitral E/Em ratio

5.5 ± 2.4

9.8 ± 2.7^§

5.7 ± 2.3

TAPSE (mm)

27.6 ± 3.1

25.4 ± 2.4

28.4 ± 3.3

PASP (mmHg)

25.6 ± 3.3

40.5 ± 5.8^**

31.5 ± 4.8

TDI RV peak systolic velocity Sm (m/s)

24.7 ± 2.2

22.4 ± 3.1

25.8 ± 3.3

B-lines (median and IQR)

1.25 (0–24)

4.4 (5–38)^**

1.3 (0–27)

RV lateral strain (%)

−25.2 ± 4.5

−17.2 ± 2.6 ^**

−24.8 ± 3.1

Variable	Controls (n = 50)	Users (n = 65)	Non-users (n = 50)
Functional indexes
Maximal HR (beats/min)	178.5 ± 10.4	172.9 ± 8.4	173.4 ± 9.8
Maximal SBP (mm Hg)	165.8 ± 15.4	185.4 ± 14.8^§	166.8 ± 10.8
Rate–pressure product (beats/min × mmHg × 10⁻³)	0.29 ± 0.2	0.32 ± 0.6^§	0.28 ± 3.4
Maximal workload achieved (W)	150.5 ± 32.4	160.2 ± 24.7	200.7 ± 33.5^*
Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)	42.9 ± 6.4	45.3 ± 8.7	55.9 ± 7.4^*
V_E/VCO₂slope	27.9 ± 4.4	29.8 ± 8.7	28.6 ± 3.4
Echocardiographic measurements
LV EF (%)	66.5 ± 4.5	63.8 ± 4.4	67.6 ± 6.1
LV GLS (%)	−26.4 ± 2.2	−22.4 ± 1.8^§	−27.3 ± 3.5
Mitral E/Em ratio	5.5 ± 2.4	9.8 ± 2.7^§	5.7 ± 2.3
TAPSE (mm)	27.6 ± 3.1	25.4 ± 2.4	28.4 ± 3.3
PASP (mmHg)	25.6 ± 3.3	40.5 ± 5.8^**	31.5 ± 4.8
TDI RV peak systolic velocity Sm (m/s)	24.7 ± 2.2	22.4 ± 3.1	25.8 ± 3.3
B-lines (median and IQR)	1.25 (0–24)	4.4 (5–38)^**	1.3 (0–27)
RV lateral strain (%)	−25.2 ± 4.5	−17.2 ± 2.6 ^**	−24.8 ± 3.1

Table 4

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Functional parameters of athletes and controls during physical effort (mean and SD)

Variable	Controls (n = 50)	Users (n = 65)	Non-users (n = 50)
Functional indexes
Maximal HR (beats/min)	178.5 ± 10.4	172.9 ± 8.4	173.4 ± 9.8
Maximal SBP (mm Hg)	165.8 ± 15.4	185.4 ± 14.8^§	166.8 ± 10.8
Rate–pressure product (beats/min × mmHg × 10⁻³)	0.29 ± 0.2	0.32 ± 0.6^§	0.28 ± 3.4
Maximal workload achieved (W)	150.5 ± 32.4	160.2 ± 24.7	200.7 ± 33.5^*
Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)	42.9 ± 6.4	45.3 ± 8.7	55.9 ± 7.4^*
V_E/VCO₂slope	27.9 ± 4.4	29.8 ± 8.7	28.6 ± 3.4
Echocardiographic measurements
LV EF (%)	66.5 ± 4.5	63.8 ± 4.4	67.6 ± 6.1
LV GLS (%)	−26.4 ± 2.2	−22.4 ± 1.8^§	−27.3 ± 3.5
Mitral E/Em ratio	5.5 ± 2.4	9.8 ± 2.7^§	5.7 ± 2.3
TAPSE (mm)	27.6 ± 3.1	25.4 ± 2.4	28.4 ± 3.3
PASP (mmHg)	25.6 ± 3.3	40.5 ± 5.8^**	31.5 ± 4.8
TDI RV peak systolic velocity Sm (m/s)	24.7 ± 2.2	22.4 ± 3.1	25.8 ± 3.3
B-lines (median and IQR)	1.25 (0–24)	4.4 (5–38)^**	1.3 (0–27)
RV lateral strain (%)	−25.2 ± 4.5	−17.2 ± 2.6 ^**	−24.8 ± 3.1

Variable	Controls (n = 50)	Users (n = 65)	Non-users (n = 50)
Functional indexes
Maximal HR (beats/min)	178.5 ± 10.4	172.9 ± 8.4	173.4 ± 9.8
Maximal SBP (mm Hg)	165.8 ± 15.4	185.4 ± 14.8^§	166.8 ± 10.8
Rate–pressure product (beats/min × mmHg × 10⁻³)	0.29 ± 0.2	0.32 ± 0.6^§	0.28 ± 3.4
Maximal workload achieved (W)	150.5 ± 32.4	160.2 ± 24.7	200.7 ± 33.5^*
Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)	42.9 ± 6.4	45.3 ± 8.7	55.9 ± 7.4^*
V_E/VCO₂slope	27.9 ± 4.4	29.8 ± 8.7	28.6 ± 3.4
Echocardiographic measurements
LV EF (%)	66.5 ± 4.5	63.8 ± 4.4	67.6 ± 6.1
LV GLS (%)	−26.4 ± 2.2	−22.4 ± 1.8^§	−27.3 ± 3.5
Mitral E/Em ratio	5.5 ± 2.4	9.8 ± 2.7^§	5.7 ± 2.3
TAPSE (mm)	27.6 ± 3.1	25.4 ± 2.4	28.4 ± 3.3
PASP (mmHg)	25.6 ± 3.3	40.5 ± 5.8^**	31.5 ± 4.8
TDI RV peak systolic velocity Sm (m/s)	24.7 ± 2.2	22.4 ± 3.1	25.8 ± 3.3
B-lines (median and IQR)	1.25 (0–24)	4.4 (5–38)^**	1.3 (0–27)
RV lateral strain (%)	−25.2 ± 4.5	−17.2 ± 2.6 ^**	−24.8 ± 3.1

HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.

P < 0.01: users vs. controls and non-users.

P < 0.001: non-users vs. controls and users.

P < 0.001: users vs. controls and non-users.

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