Comparison of boys with gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia, and healthy boys without breast enlargement
| . | I Gynecomastia . | II Pseudogynecomastia . | III Healthy Controls . | P Overall . | P I vs III . | P II vs III . | P I vs II . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 86 | 38 | 84 | ||||
| Age, y | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| BMI-SDS | 0.91 ± 1.18 | 1.91 ± 0.68 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | < .001 | NS | < .001 | < .001 |
| Obese | 42% | 86% | 0% | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Breast diameter left, cm | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 14.9 ± 6.5 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .001 |
| Breast diameter right, cm | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 14.3 ± 7.3 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .006 |
| Testis volume right, mL | 8.7 ± 5.4 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | ND | – | – | – | .038 |
| Testis volume left, mL | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 6.2 | ND | – | – | – | .043 |
| Tanner stage P | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | .042 | NS | NS | .019 |
| LH, mU/mL | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | ND | – | – | – | .017 |
| FSH, mU/mL | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | ND | – | – | – | NS |
| E1, pM/L | 20 (11-47) | 20 (11-57) | 10 (10-33) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| E2, pM/L | 39 (20-70) | 31 (11-77) | 41 (10-77) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E3, pM/L | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E2/T | 22 (8-75) | 12 (5-21) | 18 (6-44) | .010 | .040 | NS | .006 |
| DHT, nM/L | 0.13 (0.02-0.38) | 0.18 (0.05-0.32) | 0.41 (0.22-0.66) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| A, nM/L | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 1.5 (1.0-1.8) | 1.1 (0.6-1.8) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| T, nM/L | 1.8 (0.7-4.2) | 4.3 (1.4-6.9) | 3.1 (0.6-7.6) | .025 | .042 | NS | .010 |
| Progesterone, nM/L | 0.20 (0.08-0.32) | 0.17 (0.07-0.34) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| . | I Gynecomastia . | II Pseudogynecomastia . | III Healthy Controls . | P Overall . | P I vs III . | P II vs III . | P I vs II . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 86 | 38 | 84 | ||||
| Age, y | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| BMI-SDS | 0.91 ± 1.18 | 1.91 ± 0.68 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | < .001 | NS | < .001 | < .001 |
| Obese | 42% | 86% | 0% | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Breast diameter left, cm | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 14.9 ± 6.5 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .001 |
| Breast diameter right, cm | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 14.3 ± 7.3 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .006 |
| Testis volume right, mL | 8.7 ± 5.4 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | ND | – | – | – | .038 |
| Testis volume left, mL | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 6.2 | ND | – | – | – | .043 |
| Tanner stage P | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | .042 | NS | NS | .019 |
| LH, mU/mL | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | ND | – | – | – | .017 |
| FSH, mU/mL | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | ND | – | – | – | NS |
| E1, pM/L | 20 (11-47) | 20 (11-57) | 10 (10-33) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| E2, pM/L | 39 (20-70) | 31 (11-77) | 41 (10-77) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E3, pM/L | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E2/T | 22 (8-75) | 12 (5-21) | 18 (6-44) | .010 | .040 | NS | .006 |
| DHT, nM/L | 0.13 (0.02-0.38) | 0.18 (0.05-0.32) | 0.41 (0.22-0.66) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| A, nM/L | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 1.5 (1.0-1.8) | 1.1 (0.6-1.8) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| T, nM/L | 1.8 (0.7-4.2) | 4.3 (1.4-6.9) | 3.1 (0.6-7.6) | .025 | .042 | NS | .010 |
| Progesterone, nM/L | 0.20 (0.08-0.32) | 0.17 (0.07-0.34) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Data as mean ± SD or as median and interquartile range when variable was not normally distributed; P values derived from U test (not normally distributed variables), from unpaired t test (normally distributed variables), or from Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate. Significant differences are plotted in bold.
Abbreviations: A, androstenedione; BMI-SDS, body mass index as standard deviation score; DHT, 5-dihydrotestosterone; E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; E2/T, estradiol to testosterone ratio; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; ND, not determined; NS, not significant; T, testosterone.
Comparison of boys with gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia, and healthy boys without breast enlargement
| . | I Gynecomastia . | II Pseudogynecomastia . | III Healthy Controls . | P Overall . | P I vs III . | P II vs III . | P I vs II . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 86 | 38 | 84 | ||||
| Age, y | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| BMI-SDS | 0.91 ± 1.18 | 1.91 ± 0.68 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | < .001 | NS | < .001 | < .001 |
| Obese | 42% | 86% | 0% | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Breast diameter left, cm | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 14.9 ± 6.5 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .001 |
| Breast diameter right, cm | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 14.3 ± 7.3 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .006 |
| Testis volume right, mL | 8.7 ± 5.4 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | ND | – | – | – | .038 |
| Testis volume left, mL | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 6.2 | ND | – | – | – | .043 |
| Tanner stage P | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | .042 | NS | NS | .019 |
| LH, mU/mL | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | ND | – | – | – | .017 |
| FSH, mU/mL | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | ND | – | – | – | NS |
| E1, pM/L | 20 (11-47) | 20 (11-57) | 10 (10-33) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| E2, pM/L | 39 (20-70) | 31 (11-77) | 41 (10-77) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E3, pM/L | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E2/T | 22 (8-75) | 12 (5-21) | 18 (6-44) | .010 | .040 | NS | .006 |
| DHT, nM/L | 0.13 (0.02-0.38) | 0.18 (0.05-0.32) | 0.41 (0.22-0.66) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| A, nM/L | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 1.5 (1.0-1.8) | 1.1 (0.6-1.8) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| T, nM/L | 1.8 (0.7-4.2) | 4.3 (1.4-6.9) | 3.1 (0.6-7.6) | .025 | .042 | NS | .010 |
| Progesterone, nM/L | 0.20 (0.08-0.32) | 0.17 (0.07-0.34) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| . | I Gynecomastia . | II Pseudogynecomastia . | III Healthy Controls . | P Overall . | P I vs III . | P II vs III . | P I vs II . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 86 | 38 | 84 | ||||
| Age, y | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| BMI-SDS | 0.91 ± 1.18 | 1.91 ± 0.68 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | < .001 | NS | < .001 | < .001 |
| Obese | 42% | 86% | 0% | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Breast diameter left, cm | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 14.9 ± 6.5 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .001 |
| Breast diameter right, cm | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 14.3 ± 7.3 | – | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | .006 |
| Testis volume right, mL | 8.7 ± 5.4 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | ND | – | – | – | .038 |
| Testis volume left, mL | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 6.2 | ND | – | – | – | .043 |
| Tanner stage P | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | .042 | NS | NS | .019 |
| LH, mU/mL | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | ND | – | – | – | .017 |
| FSH, mU/mL | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | ND | – | – | – | NS |
| E1, pM/L | 20 (11-47) | 20 (11-57) | 10 (10-33) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| E2, pM/L | 39 (20-70) | 31 (11-77) | 41 (10-77) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E3, pM/L | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | 10 (10-10) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| E2/T | 22 (8-75) | 12 (5-21) | 18 (6-44) | .010 | .040 | NS | .006 |
| DHT, nM/L | 0.13 (0.02-0.38) | 0.18 (0.05-0.32) | 0.41 (0.22-0.66) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | NS |
| A, nM/L | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 1.5 (1.0-1.8) | 1.1 (0.6-1.8) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| T, nM/L | 1.8 (0.7-4.2) | 4.3 (1.4-6.9) | 3.1 (0.6-7.6) | .025 | .042 | NS | .010 |
| Progesterone, nM/L | 0.20 (0.08-0.32) | 0.17 (0.07-0.34) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Data as mean ± SD or as median and interquartile range when variable was not normally distributed; P values derived from U test (not normally distributed variables), from unpaired t test (normally distributed variables), or from Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate. Significant differences are plotted in bold.
Abbreviations: A, androstenedione; BMI-SDS, body mass index as standard deviation score; DHT, 5-dihydrotestosterone; E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; E2/T, estradiol to testosterone ratio; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; ND, not determined; NS, not significant; T, testosterone.
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