Table 2. Open in new tab Contribution of...

			HR (95% CI)
Baseline measurements
Women
QS (kg/m)	≤11.0	224/811	1.12 (0.85–1.49)	1.12 (0.84–1.48)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)
TGUG (s)	>9	224/811	0.77 (0.56–1.05)	0.77 (0.57–1.06)	0.74 (0.54–1.01)
STS (s)	≥14.5	224/811	1.26 (0.93–1.71)	1.26 (0.93–1.70)	1.17 (0.86–1.59)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	224/811	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.10 (0.82–1.49)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤5.5	79/290	0.78 (0.43–1.42)	0.71 (0.39–1.30)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)
Men
QS (kg/m)	≤18	74/440	1.74 (1.08–2.82)	1.77 (1.08–2.88)	1.81 (1.09–3.03)
TGUG (s)	>8	74/440	2.67 (1.65–4.30)	2.69 (1.67–4.34)	2.49 (1.52–4.08)
STS (s)	≥14.5	74/440	2.34 (1.45–3.78)	2.30 (1.43–3.72)	2.20 (1.33–3.62)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	74/440	2.05 (1.28–3.29)	2.06 (1.28–3.30)	1.87 (1.14–3.05)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤7	23/160	0.62 (0.18–2.14)	0.68 (0.19–2.45)	1.04 (0.61–1.77)
Rates of change^e
Women
QS	≤-3.56	178/690	1.30 (0.93–1.81)	1.25 (0.90–1.75)	1.29 (0.92–1.81)
TGUG	≥4.57	174/685	2.34 (1.71–3.19)	2.26 (1.66–3.09)	2.29 (1.66–3.14)
5xSTS	≥3.9	171/673	2.44 (1.80–3.32)	2.55 (1.87–3.48)	2.65 (1.92–3.64)
GS	≤-3.45	173/673	2.02 (1.47–2.79)	2.04 (1.48–2.82)	2.05 (1.47–2.86)
ALMI	≤-0.25	36/190	2.89 (1.49–5.58)	2.78 (1.40–5.51)	5.45 (2.33–12.73)
Men
QS	≤-3.48	52/366	1.15 (0.59–2.23)	1.09 (0.56–2.12)	1.08 (0.55–2.14)
TGUG	≥3.47	51/360	1.46 (0.78–2.75)	1.50 (0.79–2.83)	1.53 (0.79–2.95)
5xSTS	≥3.4	46/352	1.89 (1.04–3.46)	1.91 (1.04–3.51)	1.65 (0.87–3.10)
GS	≤-3.27	48/355	3.11 (1.72–5.65)	3.18 (1.73–5.85)	3.38 (1.80–6.34)
ALMI	≤-0.91	7/83	1.68 (0.37–7.52)	1.70 (0.34–8.47)	1.96 (0.22–17.06)

HR (95% CI)

Muscle Parameters

Study Group^a

Fractures/Total Number

Age-adjusted Model

Garvan FRC– adjusted Model^c

Multivariable-adjusted Model^d

Baseline measurements

Women

QS (kg/m)

≤11.0

224/811

1.12 (0.85–1.49)

1.12 (0.84–1.48)

1.05 (0.79–1.39)

TGUG (s)

224/811

0.77 (0.56–1.05)

0.77 (0.57–1.06)

0.74 (0.54–1.01)

STS (s)

≥14.5

224/811

1.26 (0.93–1.71)

1.26 (0.93–1.70)

1.17 (0.86–1.59)

GS (m/s)

≤0.8

224/811

1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.10 (0.82–1.49)

ALMI (kg/m²)^b

≤5.5

79/290

0.78 (0.43–1.42)

0.71 (0.39–1.30)

0.82 (0.61–1.11)

Men

QS (kg/m)

≤18

74/440

1.74 (1.08–2.82)

1.77 (1.08–2.88)

1.81 (1.09–3.03)

TGUG (s)

74/440

2.67 (1.65–4.30)

2.69 (1.67–4.34)

2.49 (1.52–4.08)

STS (s)

≥14.5

74/440

2.34 (1.45–3.78)

2.30 (1.43–3.72)

2.20 (1.33–3.62)

GS (m/s)

≤0.8

74/440

2.05 (1.28–3.29)

2.06 (1.28–3.30)

1.87 (1.14–3.05)

ALMI (kg/m²)^b

≤7

23/160

0.62 (0.18–2.14)

0.68 (0.19–2.45)

1.04 (0.61–1.77)

Rates of change^e

Women

≤-3.56

178/690

1.30 (0.93–1.81)

1.25 (0.90–1.75)

1.29 (0.92–1.81)

TGUG

≥4.57

174/685

2.34 (1.71–3.19)

2.26 (1.66–3.09)

2.29 (1.66–3.14)

5xSTS

≥3.9

171/673

2.44 (1.80–3.32)

2.55 (1.87–3.48)

2.65 (1.92–3.64)

≤-3.45

173/673

2.02 (1.47–2.79)

2.04 (1.48–2.82)

2.05 (1.47–2.86)

ALMI

≤-0.25

36/190

2.89 (1.49–5.58)

2.78 (1.40–5.51)

5.45 (2.33–12.73)

Men

≤-3.48

52/366

1.15 (0.59–2.23)

1.09 (0.56–2.12)

1.08 (0.55–2.14)

TGUG

≥3.47

51/360

1.46 (0.78–2.75)

1.50 (0.79–2.83)

1.53 (0.79–2.95)

5xSTS

≥3.4

46/352

1.89 (1.04–3.46)

1.91 (1.04–3.51)

1.65 (0.87–3.10)

≤-3.27

48/355

3.11 (1.72–5.65)

3.18 (1.73–5.85)

3.38 (1.80–6.34)

ALMI

≤-0.91

7/83

1.68 (0.37–7.52)

1.70 (0.34–8.47)

1.96 (0.22–17.06)

			HR (95% CI)
Baseline measurements
Women
QS (kg/m)	≤11.0	224/811	1.12 (0.85–1.49)	1.12 (0.84–1.48)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)
TGUG (s)	>9	224/811	0.77 (0.56–1.05)	0.77 (0.57–1.06)	0.74 (0.54–1.01)
STS (s)	≥14.5	224/811	1.26 (0.93–1.71)	1.26 (0.93–1.70)	1.17 (0.86–1.59)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	224/811	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.10 (0.82–1.49)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤5.5	79/290	0.78 (0.43–1.42)	0.71 (0.39–1.30)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)
Men
QS (kg/m)	≤18	74/440	1.74 (1.08–2.82)	1.77 (1.08–2.88)	1.81 (1.09–3.03)
TGUG (s)	>8	74/440	2.67 (1.65–4.30)	2.69 (1.67–4.34)	2.49 (1.52–4.08)
STS (s)	≥14.5	74/440	2.34 (1.45–3.78)	2.30 (1.43–3.72)	2.20 (1.33–3.62)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	74/440	2.05 (1.28–3.29)	2.06 (1.28–3.30)	1.87 (1.14–3.05)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤7	23/160	0.62 (0.18–2.14)	0.68 (0.19–2.45)	1.04 (0.61–1.77)
Rates of change^e
Women
QS	≤-3.56	178/690	1.30 (0.93–1.81)	1.25 (0.90–1.75)	1.29 (0.92–1.81)
TGUG	≥4.57	174/685	2.34 (1.71–3.19)	2.26 (1.66–3.09)	2.29 (1.66–3.14)
5xSTS	≥3.9	171/673	2.44 (1.80–3.32)	2.55 (1.87–3.48)	2.65 (1.92–3.64)
GS	≤-3.45	173/673	2.02 (1.47–2.79)	2.04 (1.48–2.82)	2.05 (1.47–2.86)
ALMI	≤-0.25	36/190	2.89 (1.49–5.58)	2.78 (1.40–5.51)	5.45 (2.33–12.73)
Men
QS	≤-3.48	52/366	1.15 (0.59–2.23)	1.09 (0.56–2.12)	1.08 (0.55–2.14)
TGUG	≥3.47	51/360	1.46 (0.78–2.75)	1.50 (0.79–2.83)	1.53 (0.79–2.95)
5xSTS	≥3.4	46/352	1.89 (1.04–3.46)	1.91 (1.04–3.51)	1.65 (0.87–3.10)
GS	≤-3.27	48/355	3.11 (1.72–5.65)	3.18 (1.73–5.85)	3.38 (1.80–6.34)
ALMI	≤-0.91	7/83	1.68 (0.37–7.52)	1.70 (0.34–8.47)	1.96 (0.22–17.06)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Contribution of muscle parameters measured at baseline and their rate of decline to fracture risk among men and women

			HR (95% CI)
Muscle Parameters	Study Group^a	Fractures/Total Number	Age-adjusted Model	Garvan FRC– adjusted Model^c	Multivariable-adjusted Model^d
Baseline measurements
Women
QS (kg/m)	≤11.0	224/811	1.12 (0.85–1.49)	1.12 (0.84–1.48)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)
TGUG (s)	>9	224/811	0.77 (0.56–1.05)	0.77 (0.57–1.06)	0.74 (0.54–1.01)
STS (s)	≥14.5	224/811	1.26 (0.93–1.71)	1.26 (0.93–1.70)	1.17 (0.86–1.59)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	224/811	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.10 (0.82–1.49)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤5.5	79/290	0.78 (0.43–1.42)	0.71 (0.39–1.30)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)
Men
QS (kg/m)	≤18	74/440	1.74 (1.08–2.82)	1.77 (1.08–2.88)	1.81 (1.09–3.03)
TGUG (s)	>8	74/440	2.67 (1.65–4.30)	2.69 (1.67–4.34)	2.49 (1.52–4.08)
STS (s)	≥14.5	74/440	2.34 (1.45–3.78)	2.30 (1.43–3.72)	2.20 (1.33–3.62)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	74/440	2.05 (1.28–3.29)	2.06 (1.28–3.30)	1.87 (1.14–3.05)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤7	23/160	0.62 (0.18–2.14)	0.68 (0.19–2.45)	1.04 (0.61–1.77)
Rates of change^e
Women
QS	≤-3.56	178/690	1.30 (0.93–1.81)	1.25 (0.90–1.75)	1.29 (0.92–1.81)
TGUG	≥4.57	174/685	2.34 (1.71–3.19)	2.26 (1.66–3.09)	2.29 (1.66–3.14)
5xSTS	≥3.9	171/673	2.44 (1.80–3.32)	2.55 (1.87–3.48)	2.65 (1.92–3.64)
GS	≤-3.45	173/673	2.02 (1.47–2.79)	2.04 (1.48–2.82)	2.05 (1.47–2.86)
ALMI	≤-0.25	36/190	2.89 (1.49–5.58)	2.78 (1.40–5.51)	5.45 (2.33–12.73)
Men
QS	≤-3.48	52/366	1.15 (0.59–2.23)	1.09 (0.56–2.12)	1.08 (0.55–2.14)
TGUG	≥3.47	51/360	1.46 (0.78–2.75)	1.50 (0.79–2.83)	1.53 (0.79–2.95)
5xSTS	≥3.4	46/352	1.89 (1.04–3.46)	1.91 (1.04–3.51)	1.65 (0.87–3.10)
GS	≤-3.27	48/355	3.11 (1.72–5.65)	3.18 (1.73–5.85)	3.38 (1.80–6.34)
ALMI	≤-0.91	7/83	1.68 (0.37–7.52)	1.70 (0.34–8.47)	1.96 (0.22–17.06)

			HR (95% CI)
Muscle Parameters	Study Group^a	Fractures/Total Number	Age-adjusted Model	Garvan FRC– adjusted Model^c	Multivariable-adjusted Model^d
Baseline measurements
Women
QS (kg/m)	≤11.0	224/811	1.12 (0.85–1.49)	1.12 (0.84–1.48)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)
TGUG (s)	>9	224/811	0.77 (0.56–1.05)	0.77 (0.57–1.06)	0.74 (0.54–1.01)
STS (s)	≥14.5	224/811	1.26 (0.93–1.71)	1.26 (0.93–1.70)	1.17 (0.86–1.59)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	224/811	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	1.10 (0.82–1.49)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤5.5	79/290	0.78 (0.43–1.42)	0.71 (0.39–1.30)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)
Men
QS (kg/m)	≤18	74/440	1.74 (1.08–2.82)	1.77 (1.08–2.88)	1.81 (1.09–3.03)
TGUG (s)	>8	74/440	2.67 (1.65–4.30)	2.69 (1.67–4.34)	2.49 (1.52–4.08)
STS (s)	≥14.5	74/440	2.34 (1.45–3.78)	2.30 (1.43–3.72)	2.20 (1.33–3.62)
GS (m/s)	≤0.8	74/440	2.05 (1.28–3.29)	2.06 (1.28–3.30)	1.87 (1.14–3.05)
ALMI (kg/m²)^b	≤7	23/160	0.62 (0.18–2.14)	0.68 (0.19–2.45)	1.04 (0.61–1.77)
Rates of change^e
Women
QS	≤-3.56	178/690	1.30 (0.93–1.81)	1.25 (0.90–1.75)	1.29 (0.92–1.81)
TGUG	≥4.57	174/685	2.34 (1.71–3.19)	2.26 (1.66–3.09)	2.29 (1.66–3.14)
5xSTS	≥3.9	171/673	2.44 (1.80–3.32)	2.55 (1.87–3.48)	2.65 (1.92–3.64)
GS	≤-3.45	173/673	2.02 (1.47–2.79)	2.04 (1.48–2.82)	2.05 (1.47–2.86)
ALMI	≤-0.25	36/190	2.89 (1.49–5.58)	2.78 (1.40–5.51)	5.45 (2.33–12.73)
Men
QS	≤-3.48	52/366	1.15 (0.59–2.23)	1.09 (0.56–2.12)	1.08 (0.55–2.14)
TGUG	≥3.47	51/360	1.46 (0.78–2.75)	1.50 (0.79–2.83)	1.53 (0.79–2.95)
5xSTS	≥3.4	46/352	1.89 (1.04–3.46)	1.91 (1.04–3.51)	1.65 (0.87–3.10)
GS	≤-3.27	48/355	3.11 (1.72–5.65)	3.18 (1.73–5.85)	3.38 (1.80–6.34)
ALMI	≤-0.91	7/83	1.68 (0.37–7.52)	1.70 (0.34–8.47)	1.96 (0.22–17.06)

Bold font indicates statistical significance.

Abbreviations: 5xSTS, 5 times repeated sit-to-stand; ALMI, appendicular lean mass index; GS, gait speed; QS, quadriceps strength; TGUG, timed get-up-and-go.

^aStudy group includes participants with the worst quartile of each muscle parameter.

^bLean mass data was available for 290 women and 160 men.

^cGarvan FRC–adjusted models accounted for age, FN BMD, prior fractures, and falls.

^dMultivariable-adjusted models accounted for age, FN BMD, prior fractures, falls, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, diabetes, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, respiratory diseases, and renal failure.

^eRate of change models (age- and Garvan FRC–adjusted) were additionally adjusted for the corresponding baseline measurement.

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