Table 1. Open in new tab Participant...

	WPG		VPG		APG
BW (kg)	102.02 ± 12.04	94.05 ± 11.43	0.032	102.10 ± 12.36	94.08 ± 11.92	0.041	98.36 ± 14.49	91.72 ± 14.48	0.106
BMI (kg/m²)	35.8 ± 5.0	32.6 ± 4.8	0.035	36.1 ± 4.3	32.9 ± 4.0	0.020	35.7 ± 3.7	32.8 ± 3.7	0.016
WC (cm)	110.0 ± 9.4	102.8 ± 8.4	0.014	108.2 ± 8.5	102.5 ± 7.6	0.031	105.3 ± 9.1	99.1 ± 10.2	0.040
HC (cm)	123.6 ± 12.1	117.9 ± 12.2	0.098	123.3 ± 9.3	117.9 ± 8.4	0.049	122.5 ± 10.6	116.1 ± 10.3	0.047
TC (cm)	63.6 ± 5.3	59.7 ± 5.2	0.022	64.1 ± 5.3	60.5 ± 5.9	0.043	65.4 ± 7.2	62.1 ± 6.6	0.091
Arm circumference (cm)	36.6 ± 3.9	34.6 ± 3.7	0.072	36.3 ± 3.7	34.5 ± 3.4	0.083	37.7 ± 3.0	35.6 ± 2.9	0.029
Systolic BP (mmHg)	132 ± 10	124 ± 13	0.032	131 ± 8	121 ± 10	0.005	129 ± 9	121 ± 16	0.036
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78 ± 11	70 ± 9	0.020	78 ± 10	72 ± 10	0.030	78 ± 10	71 ± 9	0.014
Fasting glycemia mg/dL	108.1 ± 22.3	94.1 ± 11.4	0.017	106.5 ± 17.6	100.9 ± 17.6	0.193	99.7 ± 12.9	92.6 ± 9.2	0.042
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)	25.0 ± 18.9	8.5 ± 4.1	0.001	19.4 ± 7.4	8.3 ± 4.7	0.000	17.7 ± 8.7	6.8 ± 4.1	0.000
HOMA-IR (ng/ml)	4.15 ± 1.34	2.1 ± 1.2	0.004	5.1 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 1.2	0.000	4.05 ± 1.72	1.6 ± 1.1	0.000
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	141.4 ± 15.91	167.46 ± 43.15	0.018	159.82 ± 19.25	116.52 ± 22.05	0.000	132.88 ± 26.92	148.86 ± 32.15	0.160
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.90 ± 0.30	0.79 ± 0.22	0.12	0.78 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.15	0.465	0.80 ± 0.16	0.86 ± 0.19	0.163
BUN (mg/dl)	39.0 ± 12.5	38.5 ± 13.9	0.466	40.0 ± 13.1	37.4 ± 12.1	0.281	39.3 ± 6.8	48.0 ± 14.4	0.019
eGFR (ml/min)	131.9 ± 42.9	136.6 ± 56.1	0.395	146.4 ± 33.3	131.4 ± 26.8	0.091	134.8 ± 33.2	115.6 ± 30.2	0.049
Proteins (g/L)	74.3 ± 4.0	71.8 ± 2.9	0.028	75.0 ± 3.5	74.0 ± 4.1	0.237	74.3 ± 4.4	72.2 ± 3.5	0.070
Albumin (g/L)	44.13 ± 2.43	43.71 ± 2.90	0.328	44.55 ± 2.76	43.98 ± 2.69	0.283	44.68 ± 2.71	44.22 ± 1.91	0.293
AST (U/L)	23.8 ± 13.0	19.9 ± 5.8	0.146	25.3 ± 13.2	26.8 ± 14.0	0.385	19.8 ± 4.7	19.9 ± 3.7	0.450
ALT (U/L)	31.1 ± 15.4	24.0 ± 9.3	0.062	35.0 ± 24.0	35.5 ± 26.9	0.479	23.8 ± 7.0	21.6 ± 4.9	0.151
HSI	44.0 ± 5.1	41.6 ± 5.4	0.101	44.1 ± 5.4	40.9 ± 5.2	0.049	44.3 ± 4.4	42.1 ± 4.1	0.077
Uric acid (mg/dl)	5.4 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.4	0.257	5.2 ± 1.0	5.8 ± 1.1	0.072	4.9 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 0.8	0.021
CRP (μg/L)	4700 ± 6740	2662 ± 2414	0.132	7050 ± 5959	5913 ± 6435	0.307	5156 ± 4820	4087 ± 3383	0.237
ESR (mm/h)	26.8 ± 16.0	28.5 ± 15.8	0.379	28.0 ± 17.9	25.7 ± 17.1	0.357	28.8 ± 15.8	26.1 ± 12.1	0.292
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	214.8 ± 31.5	166.2 ± 43.6	0.001	220.9 ± 51.6	170.7 ± 36.3	0.002	226.9 ± 32.7	191.2 ± 34.2	0.003
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	132.8 ± 30.8	100.8 ± 38.4	0.008	136.1 ± 41.3	97.5 ± 32.3	0.004	143.9 ± 25.8	118.5 ± 23.1	0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	131.0 ± 44.9	94.6 ± 32.0	0.007	170.1 ± 126.9	117.6 ± 42.7	0.069	124.25 ± 58	82.25 ± 33.32	0.009
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	51.7 ± 12.3	46.1 ± 7.5	0.072	51.2 ± 12.8	49.0 ± 9.5	0.298	57.9 ± 23.7	56.2 ± 18.0	0.408
Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.8	56.3 ± 31.3	0.000	1.8 ± 0.7	41.1 ± 15.4	0.000	1.6 ± 0.7	44.8 ± 15.3	0.000
Total fat (kg)	36.74 ± 10.83	31.92 ± 10.19	0.102	37.40 ± 7.77	32.00 ± 7.51	0.081	37.00 ± 8.23	32.85 ± 8.88	0.094
Total lean (kg)	62.95 ± 9.04	59.93 ± 7.66	0.158	62.32 ± 1.04	59.70 ± 10.02	0.246	57.24 ± 9.21	56.59 ± 12.18	0.434
Total fat (%)	35.71 ± 8.38	33.33 ± 8.33	0.213	36.69 ± 6.46	34.06 ± 6.82	0.144	37.75 ± 6.87	35.89 ± 8.04	0.247
Total lean (%)	62.01 ± 8.01	64.13 ± 7.88	0.438	60.96 ± 6.29	63.41 ± 6.59	0.072	58.57 ± 7.60	61.63 ± 7.99	0.026
Trunk fat (kg)	18.40 ± 5.54	15.43 ± 5.01	0.022	18.69 ± 3.36	15.96 ± 3.24	0.016	17.43 ± 3.27	15.46 ± 3.80	0.065
HG (kg)	32.47 ± 7.73	34.45 ± 7.34	0.23	30.13 ± 6.99	31.01 ± 6.92	0.36	32.64 ± 9.04	34.03 ± 9.25	0.33

WPG

VPG

APG

T45

BW (kg)

102.02 ± 12.04

94.05 ± 11.43

0.032

102.10 ± 12.36

94.08 ± 11.92

0.041

98.36 ± 14.49

91.72 ± 14.48

0.106

BMI (kg/m²)

35.8 ± 5.0

32.6 ± 4.8

0.035

36.1 ± 4.3

32.9 ± 4.0

0.020

35.7 ± 3.7

32.8 ± 3.7

0.016

WC (cm)

110.0 ± 9.4

102.8 ± 8.4

0.014

108.2 ± 8.5

102.5 ± 7.6

0.031

105.3 ± 9.1

99.1 ± 10.2

0.040

HC (cm)

123.6 ± 12.1

117.9 ± 12.2

0.098

123.3 ± 9.3

117.9 ± 8.4

0.049

122.5 ± 10.6

116.1 ± 10.3

0.047

TC (cm)

63.6 ± 5.3

59.7 ± 5.2

0.022

64.1 ± 5.3

60.5 ± 5.9

0.043

65.4 ± 7.2

62.1 ± 6.6

0.091

Arm circumference (cm)

36.6 ± 3.9

34.6 ± 3.7

0.072

36.3 ± 3.7

34.5 ± 3.4

0.083

37.7 ± 3.0

35.6 ± 2.9

0.029

Systolic BP (mmHg)

132 ± 10

124 ± 13

0.032

131 ± 8

121 ± 10

0.005

129 ± 9

121 ± 16

0.036

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

78 ± 11

70 ± 9

0.020

78 ± 10

72 ± 10

0.030

78 ± 10

71 ± 9

0.014

Fasting glycemia mg/dL

108.1 ± 22.3

94.1 ± 11.4

0.017

106.5 ± 17.6

100.9 ± 17.6

0.193

99.7 ± 12.9

92.6 ± 9.2

0.042

Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)

25.0 ± 18.9

8.5 ± 4.1

0.001

19.4 ± 7.4

8.3 ± 4.7

0.000

17.7 ± 8.7

6.8 ± 4.1

0.000

HOMA-IR (ng/ml)

4.15 ± 1.34

2.1 ± 1.2

0.004

5.1 ± 2.0

2.1 ± 1.2

0.000

4.05 ± 1.72

1.6 ± 1.1

0.000

IGF-1 (ng/ml)

141.4 ± 15.91

167.46 ± 43.15

0.018

159.82 ± 19.25

116.52 ± 22.05

0.000

132.88 ± 26.92

148.86 ± 32.15

0.160

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.90 ± 0.30

0.79 ± 0.22

0.12

0.78 ± 0.17

0.78 ± 0.15

0.465

0.80 ± 0.16

0.86 ± 0.19

0.163

BUN (mg/dl)

39.0 ± 12.5

38.5 ± 13.9

0.466

40.0 ± 13.1

37.4 ± 12.1

0.281

39.3 ± 6.8

48.0 ± 14.4

0.019

eGFR (ml/min)

131.9 ± 42.9

136.6 ± 56.1

0.395

146.4 ± 33.3

131.4 ± 26.8

0.091

134.8 ± 33.2

115.6 ± 30.2

0.049

Proteins (g/L)

74.3 ± 4.0

71.8 ± 2.9

0.028

75.0 ± 3.5

74.0 ± 4.1

0.237

74.3 ± 4.4

72.2 ± 3.5

0.070

Albumin (g/L)

44.13 ± 2.43

43.71 ± 2.90

0.328

44.55 ± 2.76

43.98 ± 2.69

0.283

44.68 ± 2.71

44.22 ± 1.91

0.293

AST (U/L)

23.8 ± 13.0

19.9 ± 5.8

0.146

25.3 ± 13.2

26.8 ± 14.0

0.385

19.8 ± 4.7

19.9 ± 3.7

0.450

ALT (U/L)

31.1 ± 15.4

24.0 ± 9.3

0.062

35.0 ± 24.0

35.5 ± 26.9

0.479

23.8 ± 7.0

21.6 ± 4.9

0.151

HSI

44.0 ± 5.1

41.6 ± 5.4

0.101

44.1 ± 5.4

40.9 ± 5.2

0.049

44.3 ± 4.4

42.1 ± 4.1

0.077

Uric acid (mg/dl)

5.4 ± 1.1

5.1 ± 1.4

0.257

5.2 ± 1.0

5.8 ± 1.1

0.072

4.9 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 0.8

0.021

CRP (μg/L)

4700 ± 6740

2662 ± 2414

0.132

7050 ± 5959

5913 ± 6435

0.307

5156 ± 4820

4087 ± 3383

0.237

ESR (mm/h)

26.8 ± 16.0

28.5 ± 15.8

0.379

28.0 ± 17.9

25.7 ± 17.1

0.357

28.8 ± 15.8

26.1 ± 12.1

0.292

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

214.8 ± 31.5

166.2 ± 43.6

0.001

220.9 ± 51.6

170.7 ± 36.3

0.002

226.9 ± 32.7

191.2 ± 34.2

0.003

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

132.8 ± 30.8

100.8 ± 38.4

0.008

136.1 ± 41.3

97.5 ± 32.3

0.004

143.9 ± 25.8

118.5 ± 23.1

0.003

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

131.0 ± 44.9

94.6 ± 32.0

0.007

170.1 ± 126.9

117.6 ± 42.7

0.069

124.25 ± 58

82.25 ± 33.32

0.009

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

51.7 ± 12.3

46.1 ± 7.5

0.072

51.2 ± 12.8

49.0 ± 9.5

0.298

57.9 ± 23.7

56.2 ± 18.0

0.408

Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)

1.8 ± 0.8

56.3 ± 31.3

0.000

1.8 ± 0.7

41.1 ± 15.4

0.000

1.6 ± 0.7

44.8 ± 15.3

0.000

Total fat (kg)

36.74 ± 10.83

31.92 ± 10.19

0.102

37.40 ± 7.77

32.00 ± 7.51

0.081

37.00 ± 8.23

32.85 ± 8.88

0.094

Total lean (kg)

62.95 ± 9.04

59.93 ± 7.66

0.158

62.32 ± 1.04

59.70 ± 10.02

0.246

57.24 ± 9.21

56.59 ± 12.18

0.434

Total fat (%)

35.71 ± 8.38

33.33 ± 8.33

0.213

36.69 ± 6.46

34.06 ± 6.82

0.144

37.75 ± 6.87

35.89 ± 8.04

0.247

Total lean (%)

62.01 ± 8.01

64.13 ± 7.88

0.438

60.96 ± 6.29

63.41 ± 6.59

0.072

58.57 ± 7.60

61.63 ± 7.99

0.026

Trunk fat (kg)

18.40 ± 5.54

15.43 ± 5.01

0.022

18.69 ± 3.36

15.96 ± 3.24

0.016

17.43 ± 3.27

15.46 ± 3.80

0.065

HG (kg)

32.47 ± 7.73

34.45 ± 7.34

0.23

30.13 ± 6.99

31.01 ± 6.92

0.36

32.64 ± 9.04

34.03 ± 9.25

0.33

	WPG		VPG		APG
BW (kg)	102.02 ± 12.04	94.05 ± 11.43	0.032	102.10 ± 12.36	94.08 ± 11.92	0.041	98.36 ± 14.49	91.72 ± 14.48	0.106
BMI (kg/m²)	35.8 ± 5.0	32.6 ± 4.8	0.035	36.1 ± 4.3	32.9 ± 4.0	0.020	35.7 ± 3.7	32.8 ± 3.7	0.016
WC (cm)	110.0 ± 9.4	102.8 ± 8.4	0.014	108.2 ± 8.5	102.5 ± 7.6	0.031	105.3 ± 9.1	99.1 ± 10.2	0.040
HC (cm)	123.6 ± 12.1	117.9 ± 12.2	0.098	123.3 ± 9.3	117.9 ± 8.4	0.049	122.5 ± 10.6	116.1 ± 10.3	0.047
TC (cm)	63.6 ± 5.3	59.7 ± 5.2	0.022	64.1 ± 5.3	60.5 ± 5.9	0.043	65.4 ± 7.2	62.1 ± 6.6	0.091
Arm circumference (cm)	36.6 ± 3.9	34.6 ± 3.7	0.072	36.3 ± 3.7	34.5 ± 3.4	0.083	37.7 ± 3.0	35.6 ± 2.9	0.029
Systolic BP (mmHg)	132 ± 10	124 ± 13	0.032	131 ± 8	121 ± 10	0.005	129 ± 9	121 ± 16	0.036
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78 ± 11	70 ± 9	0.020	78 ± 10	72 ± 10	0.030	78 ± 10	71 ± 9	0.014
Fasting glycemia mg/dL	108.1 ± 22.3	94.1 ± 11.4	0.017	106.5 ± 17.6	100.9 ± 17.6	0.193	99.7 ± 12.9	92.6 ± 9.2	0.042
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)	25.0 ± 18.9	8.5 ± 4.1	0.001	19.4 ± 7.4	8.3 ± 4.7	0.000	17.7 ± 8.7	6.8 ± 4.1	0.000
HOMA-IR (ng/ml)	4.15 ± 1.34	2.1 ± 1.2	0.004	5.1 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 1.2	0.000	4.05 ± 1.72	1.6 ± 1.1	0.000
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	141.4 ± 15.91	167.46 ± 43.15	0.018	159.82 ± 19.25	116.52 ± 22.05	0.000	132.88 ± 26.92	148.86 ± 32.15	0.160
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.90 ± 0.30	0.79 ± 0.22	0.12	0.78 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.15	0.465	0.80 ± 0.16	0.86 ± 0.19	0.163
BUN (mg/dl)	39.0 ± 12.5	38.5 ± 13.9	0.466	40.0 ± 13.1	37.4 ± 12.1	0.281	39.3 ± 6.8	48.0 ± 14.4	0.019
eGFR (ml/min)	131.9 ± 42.9	136.6 ± 56.1	0.395	146.4 ± 33.3	131.4 ± 26.8	0.091	134.8 ± 33.2	115.6 ± 30.2	0.049
Proteins (g/L)	74.3 ± 4.0	71.8 ± 2.9	0.028	75.0 ± 3.5	74.0 ± 4.1	0.237	74.3 ± 4.4	72.2 ± 3.5	0.070
Albumin (g/L)	44.13 ± 2.43	43.71 ± 2.90	0.328	44.55 ± 2.76	43.98 ± 2.69	0.283	44.68 ± 2.71	44.22 ± 1.91	0.293
AST (U/L)	23.8 ± 13.0	19.9 ± 5.8	0.146	25.3 ± 13.2	26.8 ± 14.0	0.385	19.8 ± 4.7	19.9 ± 3.7	0.450
ALT (U/L)	31.1 ± 15.4	24.0 ± 9.3	0.062	35.0 ± 24.0	35.5 ± 26.9	0.479	23.8 ± 7.0	21.6 ± 4.9	0.151
HSI	44.0 ± 5.1	41.6 ± 5.4	0.101	44.1 ± 5.4	40.9 ± 5.2	0.049	44.3 ± 4.4	42.1 ± 4.1	0.077
Uric acid (mg/dl)	5.4 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.4	0.257	5.2 ± 1.0	5.8 ± 1.1	0.072	4.9 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 0.8	0.021
CRP (μg/L)	4700 ± 6740	2662 ± 2414	0.132	7050 ± 5959	5913 ± 6435	0.307	5156 ± 4820	4087 ± 3383	0.237
ESR (mm/h)	26.8 ± 16.0	28.5 ± 15.8	0.379	28.0 ± 17.9	25.7 ± 17.1	0.357	28.8 ± 15.8	26.1 ± 12.1	0.292
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	214.8 ± 31.5	166.2 ± 43.6	0.001	220.9 ± 51.6	170.7 ± 36.3	0.002	226.9 ± 32.7	191.2 ± 34.2	0.003
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	132.8 ± 30.8	100.8 ± 38.4	0.008	136.1 ± 41.3	97.5 ± 32.3	0.004	143.9 ± 25.8	118.5 ± 23.1	0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	131.0 ± 44.9	94.6 ± 32.0	0.007	170.1 ± 126.9	117.6 ± 42.7	0.069	124.25 ± 58	82.25 ± 33.32	0.009
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	51.7 ± 12.3	46.1 ± 7.5	0.072	51.2 ± 12.8	49.0 ± 9.5	0.298	57.9 ± 23.7	56.2 ± 18.0	0.408
Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.8	56.3 ± 31.3	0.000	1.8 ± 0.7	41.1 ± 15.4	0.000	1.6 ± 0.7	44.8 ± 15.3	0.000
Total fat (kg)	36.74 ± 10.83	31.92 ± 10.19	0.102	37.40 ± 7.77	32.00 ± 7.51	0.081	37.00 ± 8.23	32.85 ± 8.88	0.094
Total lean (kg)	62.95 ± 9.04	59.93 ± 7.66	0.158	62.32 ± 1.04	59.70 ± 10.02	0.246	57.24 ± 9.21	56.59 ± 12.18	0.434
Total fat (%)	35.71 ± 8.38	33.33 ± 8.33	0.213	36.69 ± 6.46	34.06 ± 6.82	0.144	37.75 ± 6.87	35.89 ± 8.04	0.247
Total lean (%)	62.01 ± 8.01	64.13 ± 7.88	0.438	60.96 ± 6.29	63.41 ± 6.59	0.072	58.57 ± 7.60	61.63 ± 7.99	0.026
Trunk fat (kg)	18.40 ± 5.54	15.43 ± 5.01	0.022	18.69 ± 3.36	15.96 ± 3.24	0.016	17.43 ± 3.27	15.46 ± 3.80	0.065
HG (kg)	32.47 ± 7.73	34.45 ± 7.34	0.23	30.13 ± 6.99	31.01 ± 6.92	0.36	32.64 ± 9.04	34.03 ± 9.25	0.33

WPG

VPG

APG

T45

BW (kg)

102.02 ± 12.04

94.05 ± 11.43

0.032

102.10 ± 12.36

94.08 ± 11.92

0.041

98.36 ± 14.49

91.72 ± 14.48

0.106

BMI (kg/m²)

35.8 ± 5.0

32.6 ± 4.8

0.035

36.1 ± 4.3

32.9 ± 4.0

0.020

35.7 ± 3.7

32.8 ± 3.7

0.016

WC (cm)

110.0 ± 9.4

102.8 ± 8.4

0.014

108.2 ± 8.5

102.5 ± 7.6

0.031

105.3 ± 9.1

99.1 ± 10.2

0.040

HC (cm)

123.6 ± 12.1

117.9 ± 12.2

0.098

123.3 ± 9.3

117.9 ± 8.4

0.049

122.5 ± 10.6

116.1 ± 10.3

0.047

TC (cm)

63.6 ± 5.3

59.7 ± 5.2

0.022

64.1 ± 5.3

60.5 ± 5.9

0.043

65.4 ± 7.2

62.1 ± 6.6

0.091

Arm circumference (cm)

36.6 ± 3.9

34.6 ± 3.7

0.072

36.3 ± 3.7

34.5 ± 3.4

0.083

37.7 ± 3.0

35.6 ± 2.9

0.029

Systolic BP (mmHg)

132 ± 10

124 ± 13

0.032

131 ± 8

121 ± 10

0.005

129 ± 9

121 ± 16

0.036

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

78 ± 11

70 ± 9

0.020

78 ± 10

72 ± 10

0.030

78 ± 10

71 ± 9

0.014

Fasting glycemia mg/dL

108.1 ± 22.3

94.1 ± 11.4

0.017

106.5 ± 17.6

100.9 ± 17.6

0.193

99.7 ± 12.9

92.6 ± 9.2

0.042

Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)

25.0 ± 18.9

8.5 ± 4.1

0.001

19.4 ± 7.4

8.3 ± 4.7

0.000

17.7 ± 8.7

6.8 ± 4.1

0.000

HOMA-IR (ng/ml)

4.15 ± 1.34

2.1 ± 1.2

0.004

5.1 ± 2.0

2.1 ± 1.2

0.000

4.05 ± 1.72

1.6 ± 1.1

0.000

IGF-1 (ng/ml)

141.4 ± 15.91

167.46 ± 43.15

0.018

159.82 ± 19.25

116.52 ± 22.05

0.000

132.88 ± 26.92

148.86 ± 32.15

0.160

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.90 ± 0.30

0.79 ± 0.22

0.12

0.78 ± 0.17

0.78 ± 0.15

0.465

0.80 ± 0.16

0.86 ± 0.19

0.163

BUN (mg/dl)

39.0 ± 12.5

38.5 ± 13.9

0.466

40.0 ± 13.1

37.4 ± 12.1

0.281

39.3 ± 6.8

48.0 ± 14.4

0.019

eGFR (ml/min)

131.9 ± 42.9

136.6 ± 56.1

0.395

146.4 ± 33.3

131.4 ± 26.8

0.091

134.8 ± 33.2

115.6 ± 30.2

0.049

Proteins (g/L)

74.3 ± 4.0

71.8 ± 2.9

0.028

75.0 ± 3.5

74.0 ± 4.1

0.237

74.3 ± 4.4

72.2 ± 3.5

0.070

Albumin (g/L)

44.13 ± 2.43

43.71 ± 2.90

0.328

44.55 ± 2.76

43.98 ± 2.69

0.283

44.68 ± 2.71

44.22 ± 1.91

0.293

AST (U/L)

23.8 ± 13.0

19.9 ± 5.8

0.146

25.3 ± 13.2

26.8 ± 14.0

0.385

19.8 ± 4.7

19.9 ± 3.7

0.450

ALT (U/L)

31.1 ± 15.4

24.0 ± 9.3

0.062

35.0 ± 24.0

35.5 ± 26.9

0.479

23.8 ± 7.0

21.6 ± 4.9

0.151

HSI

44.0 ± 5.1

41.6 ± 5.4

0.101

44.1 ± 5.4

40.9 ± 5.2

0.049

44.3 ± 4.4

42.1 ± 4.1

0.077

Uric acid (mg/dl)

5.4 ± 1.1

5.1 ± 1.4

0.257

5.2 ± 1.0

5.8 ± 1.1

0.072

4.9 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 0.8

0.021

CRP (μg/L)

4700 ± 6740

2662 ± 2414

0.132

7050 ± 5959

5913 ± 6435

0.307

5156 ± 4820

4087 ± 3383

0.237

ESR (mm/h)

26.8 ± 16.0

28.5 ± 15.8

0.379

28.0 ± 17.9

25.7 ± 17.1

0.357

28.8 ± 15.8

26.1 ± 12.1

0.292

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

214.8 ± 31.5

166.2 ± 43.6

0.001

220.9 ± 51.6

170.7 ± 36.3

0.002

226.9 ± 32.7

191.2 ± 34.2

0.003

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

132.8 ± 30.8

100.8 ± 38.4

0.008

136.1 ± 41.3

97.5 ± 32.3

0.004

143.9 ± 25.8

118.5 ± 23.1

0.003

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

131.0 ± 44.9

94.6 ± 32.0

0.007

170.1 ± 126.9

117.6 ± 42.7

0.069

124.25 ± 58

82.25 ± 33.32

0.009

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

51.7 ± 12.3

46.1 ± 7.5

0.072

51.2 ± 12.8

49.0 ± 9.5

0.298

57.9 ± 23.7

56.2 ± 18.0

0.408

Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)

1.8 ± 0.8

56.3 ± 31.3

0.000

1.8 ± 0.7

41.1 ± 15.4

0.000

1.6 ± 0.7

44.8 ± 15.3

0.000

Total fat (kg)

36.74 ± 10.83

31.92 ± 10.19

0.102

37.40 ± 7.77

32.00 ± 7.51

0.081

37.00 ± 8.23

32.85 ± 8.88

0.094

Total lean (kg)

62.95 ± 9.04

59.93 ± 7.66

0.158

62.32 ± 1.04

59.70 ± 10.02

0.246

57.24 ± 9.21

56.59 ± 12.18

0.434

Total fat (%)

35.71 ± 8.38

33.33 ± 8.33

0.213

36.69 ± 6.46

34.06 ± 6.82

0.144

37.75 ± 6.87

35.89 ± 8.04

0.247

Total lean (%)

62.01 ± 8.01

64.13 ± 7.88

0.438

60.96 ± 6.29

63.41 ± 6.59

0.072

58.57 ± 7.60

61.63 ± 7.99

0.026

Trunk fat (kg)

18.40 ± 5.54

15.43 ± 5.01

0.022

18.69 ± 3.36

15.96 ± 3.24

0.016

17.43 ± 3.27

15.46 ± 3.80

0.065

HG (kg)

32.47 ± 7.73

34.45 ± 7.34

0.23

30.13 ± 6.99

31.01 ± 6.92

0.36

32.64 ± 9.04

34.03 ± 9.25

0.33

Table 1.

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Participant characteristics at baseline (T0) and after 45 days (T45) of VLCKD consumption

	WPG			VPG			APG
	T0	T45	P	T0	T45	P	T0	T45	P
BW (kg)	102.02 ± 12.04	94.05 ± 11.43	0.032	102.10 ± 12.36	94.08 ± 11.92	0.041	98.36 ± 14.49	91.72 ± 14.48	0.106
BMI (kg/m²)	35.8 ± 5.0	32.6 ± 4.8	0.035	36.1 ± 4.3	32.9 ± 4.0	0.020	35.7 ± 3.7	32.8 ± 3.7	0.016
WC (cm)	110.0 ± 9.4	102.8 ± 8.4	0.014	108.2 ± 8.5	102.5 ± 7.6	0.031	105.3 ± 9.1	99.1 ± 10.2	0.040
HC (cm)	123.6 ± 12.1	117.9 ± 12.2	0.098	123.3 ± 9.3	117.9 ± 8.4	0.049	122.5 ± 10.6	116.1 ± 10.3	0.047
TC (cm)	63.6 ± 5.3	59.7 ± 5.2	0.022	64.1 ± 5.3	60.5 ± 5.9	0.043	65.4 ± 7.2	62.1 ± 6.6	0.091
Arm circumference (cm)	36.6 ± 3.9	34.6 ± 3.7	0.072	36.3 ± 3.7	34.5 ± 3.4	0.083	37.7 ± 3.0	35.6 ± 2.9	0.029
Systolic BP (mmHg)	132 ± 10	124 ± 13	0.032	131 ± 8	121 ± 10	0.005	129 ± 9	121 ± 16	0.036
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78 ± 11	70 ± 9	0.020	78 ± 10	72 ± 10	0.030	78 ± 10	71 ± 9	0.014
Fasting glycemia mg/dL	108.1 ± 22.3	94.1 ± 11.4	0.017	106.5 ± 17.6	100.9 ± 17.6	0.193	99.7 ± 12.9	92.6 ± 9.2	0.042
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)	25.0 ± 18.9	8.5 ± 4.1	0.001	19.4 ± 7.4	8.3 ± 4.7	0.000	17.7 ± 8.7	6.8 ± 4.1	0.000
HOMA-IR (ng/ml)	4.15 ± 1.34	2.1 ± 1.2	0.004	5.1 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 1.2	0.000	4.05 ± 1.72	1.6 ± 1.1	0.000
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	141.4 ± 15.91	167.46 ± 43.15	0.018	159.82 ± 19.25	116.52 ± 22.05	0.000	132.88 ± 26.92	148.86 ± 32.15	0.160
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.90 ± 0.30	0.79 ± 0.22	0.12	0.78 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.15	0.465	0.80 ± 0.16	0.86 ± 0.19	0.163
BUN (mg/dl)	39.0 ± 12.5	38.5 ± 13.9	0.466	40.0 ± 13.1	37.4 ± 12.1	0.281	39.3 ± 6.8	48.0 ± 14.4	0.019
eGFR (ml/min)	131.9 ± 42.9	136.6 ± 56.1	0.395	146.4 ± 33.3	131.4 ± 26.8	0.091	134.8 ± 33.2	115.6 ± 30.2	0.049
Proteins (g/L)	74.3 ± 4.0	71.8 ± 2.9	0.028	75.0 ± 3.5	74.0 ± 4.1	0.237	74.3 ± 4.4	72.2 ± 3.5	0.070
Albumin (g/L)	44.13 ± 2.43	43.71 ± 2.90	0.328	44.55 ± 2.76	43.98 ± 2.69	0.283	44.68 ± 2.71	44.22 ± 1.91	0.293
AST (U/L)	23.8 ± 13.0	19.9 ± 5.8	0.146	25.3 ± 13.2	26.8 ± 14.0	0.385	19.8 ± 4.7	19.9 ± 3.7	0.450
ALT (U/L)	31.1 ± 15.4	24.0 ± 9.3	0.062	35.0 ± 24.0	35.5 ± 26.9	0.479	23.8 ± 7.0	21.6 ± 4.9	0.151
HSI	44.0 ± 5.1	41.6 ± 5.4	0.101	44.1 ± 5.4	40.9 ± 5.2	0.049	44.3 ± 4.4	42.1 ± 4.1	0.077
Uric acid (mg/dl)	5.4 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.4	0.257	5.2 ± 1.0	5.8 ± 1.1	0.072	4.9 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 0.8	0.021
CRP (μg/L)	4700 ± 6740	2662 ± 2414	0.132	7050 ± 5959	5913 ± 6435	0.307	5156 ± 4820	4087 ± 3383	0.237
ESR (mm/h)	26.8 ± 16.0	28.5 ± 15.8	0.379	28.0 ± 17.9	25.7 ± 17.1	0.357	28.8 ± 15.8	26.1 ± 12.1	0.292
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	214.8 ± 31.5	166.2 ± 43.6	0.001	220.9 ± 51.6	170.7 ± 36.3	0.002	226.9 ± 32.7	191.2 ± 34.2	0.003
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	132.8 ± 30.8	100.8 ± 38.4	0.008	136.1 ± 41.3	97.5 ± 32.3	0.004	143.9 ± 25.8	118.5 ± 23.1	0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	131.0 ± 44.9	94.6 ± 32.0	0.007	170.1 ± 126.9	117.6 ± 42.7	0.069	124.25 ± 58	82.25 ± 33.32	0.009
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	51.7 ± 12.3	46.1 ± 7.5	0.072	51.2 ± 12.8	49.0 ± 9.5	0.298	57.9 ± 23.7	56.2 ± 18.0	0.408
Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.8	56.3 ± 31.3	0.000	1.8 ± 0.7	41.1 ± 15.4	0.000	1.6 ± 0.7	44.8 ± 15.3	0.000
Total fat (kg)	36.74 ± 10.83	31.92 ± 10.19	0.102	37.40 ± 7.77	32.00 ± 7.51	0.081	37.00 ± 8.23	32.85 ± 8.88	0.094
Total lean (kg)	62.95 ± 9.04	59.93 ± 7.66	0.158	62.32 ± 1.04	59.70 ± 10.02	0.246	57.24 ± 9.21	56.59 ± 12.18	0.434
Total fat (%)	35.71 ± 8.38	33.33 ± 8.33	0.213	36.69 ± 6.46	34.06 ± 6.82	0.144	37.75 ± 6.87	35.89 ± 8.04	0.247
Total lean (%)	62.01 ± 8.01	64.13 ± 7.88	0.438	60.96 ± 6.29	63.41 ± 6.59	0.072	58.57 ± 7.60	61.63 ± 7.99	0.026
Trunk fat (kg)	18.40 ± 5.54	15.43 ± 5.01	0.022	18.69 ± 3.36	15.96 ± 3.24	0.016	17.43 ± 3.27	15.46 ± 3.80	0.065
HG (kg)	32.47 ± 7.73	34.45 ± 7.34	0.23	30.13 ± 6.99	31.01 ± 6.92	0.36	32.64 ± 9.04	34.03 ± 9.25	0.33

	WPG			VPG			APG
	T0	T45	P	T0	T45	P	T0	T45	P
BW (kg)	102.02 ± 12.04	94.05 ± 11.43	0.032	102.10 ± 12.36	94.08 ± 11.92	0.041	98.36 ± 14.49	91.72 ± 14.48	0.106
BMI (kg/m²)	35.8 ± 5.0	32.6 ± 4.8	0.035	36.1 ± 4.3	32.9 ± 4.0	0.020	35.7 ± 3.7	32.8 ± 3.7	0.016
WC (cm)	110.0 ± 9.4	102.8 ± 8.4	0.014	108.2 ± 8.5	102.5 ± 7.6	0.031	105.3 ± 9.1	99.1 ± 10.2	0.040
HC (cm)	123.6 ± 12.1	117.9 ± 12.2	0.098	123.3 ± 9.3	117.9 ± 8.4	0.049	122.5 ± 10.6	116.1 ± 10.3	0.047
TC (cm)	63.6 ± 5.3	59.7 ± 5.2	0.022	64.1 ± 5.3	60.5 ± 5.9	0.043	65.4 ± 7.2	62.1 ± 6.6	0.091
Arm circumference (cm)	36.6 ± 3.9	34.6 ± 3.7	0.072	36.3 ± 3.7	34.5 ± 3.4	0.083	37.7 ± 3.0	35.6 ± 2.9	0.029
Systolic BP (mmHg)	132 ± 10	124 ± 13	0.032	131 ± 8	121 ± 10	0.005	129 ± 9	121 ± 16	0.036
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78 ± 11	70 ± 9	0.020	78 ± 10	72 ± 10	0.030	78 ± 10	71 ± 9	0.014
Fasting glycemia mg/dL	108.1 ± 22.3	94.1 ± 11.4	0.017	106.5 ± 17.6	100.9 ± 17.6	0.193	99.7 ± 12.9	92.6 ± 9.2	0.042
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)	25.0 ± 18.9	8.5 ± 4.1	0.001	19.4 ± 7.4	8.3 ± 4.7	0.000	17.7 ± 8.7	6.8 ± 4.1	0.000
HOMA-IR (ng/ml)	4.15 ± 1.34	2.1 ± 1.2	0.004	5.1 ± 2.0	2.1 ± 1.2	0.000	4.05 ± 1.72	1.6 ± 1.1	0.000
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	141.4 ± 15.91	167.46 ± 43.15	0.018	159.82 ± 19.25	116.52 ± 22.05	0.000	132.88 ± 26.92	148.86 ± 32.15	0.160
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.90 ± 0.30	0.79 ± 0.22	0.12	0.78 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.15	0.465	0.80 ± 0.16	0.86 ± 0.19	0.163
BUN (mg/dl)	39.0 ± 12.5	38.5 ± 13.9	0.466	40.0 ± 13.1	37.4 ± 12.1	0.281	39.3 ± 6.8	48.0 ± 14.4	0.019
eGFR (ml/min)	131.9 ± 42.9	136.6 ± 56.1	0.395	146.4 ± 33.3	131.4 ± 26.8	0.091	134.8 ± 33.2	115.6 ± 30.2	0.049
Proteins (g/L)	74.3 ± 4.0	71.8 ± 2.9	0.028	75.0 ± 3.5	74.0 ± 4.1	0.237	74.3 ± 4.4	72.2 ± 3.5	0.070
Albumin (g/L)	44.13 ± 2.43	43.71 ± 2.90	0.328	44.55 ± 2.76	43.98 ± 2.69	0.283	44.68 ± 2.71	44.22 ± 1.91	0.293
AST (U/L)	23.8 ± 13.0	19.9 ± 5.8	0.146	25.3 ± 13.2	26.8 ± 14.0	0.385	19.8 ± 4.7	19.9 ± 3.7	0.450
ALT (U/L)	31.1 ± 15.4	24.0 ± 9.3	0.062	35.0 ± 24.0	35.5 ± 26.9	0.479	23.8 ± 7.0	21.6 ± 4.9	0.151
HSI	44.0 ± 5.1	41.6 ± 5.4	0.101	44.1 ± 5.4	40.9 ± 5.2	0.049	44.3 ± 4.4	42.1 ± 4.1	0.077
Uric acid (mg/dl)	5.4 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.4	0.257	5.2 ± 1.0	5.8 ± 1.1	0.072	4.9 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 0.8	0.021
CRP (μg/L)	4700 ± 6740	2662 ± 2414	0.132	7050 ± 5959	5913 ± 6435	0.307	5156 ± 4820	4087 ± 3383	0.237
ESR (mm/h)	26.8 ± 16.0	28.5 ± 15.8	0.379	28.0 ± 17.9	25.7 ± 17.1	0.357	28.8 ± 15.8	26.1 ± 12.1	0.292
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	214.8 ± 31.5	166.2 ± 43.6	0.001	220.9 ± 51.6	170.7 ± 36.3	0.002	226.9 ± 32.7	191.2 ± 34.2	0.003
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	132.8 ± 30.8	100.8 ± 38.4	0.008	136.1 ± 41.3	97.5 ± 32.3	0.004	143.9 ± 25.8	118.5 ± 23.1	0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	131.0 ± 44.9	94.6 ± 32.0	0.007	170.1 ± 126.9	117.6 ± 42.7	0.069	124.25 ± 58	82.25 ± 33.32	0.009
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	51.7 ± 12.3	46.1 ± 7.5	0.072	51.2 ± 12.8	49.0 ± 9.5	0.298	57.9 ± 23.7	56.2 ± 18.0	0.408
Urine acetoacetic acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.8	56.3 ± 31.3	0.000	1.8 ± 0.7	41.1 ± 15.4	0.000	1.6 ± 0.7	44.8 ± 15.3	0.000
Total fat (kg)	36.74 ± 10.83	31.92 ± 10.19	0.102	37.40 ± 7.77	32.00 ± 7.51	0.081	37.00 ± 8.23	32.85 ± 8.88	0.094
Total lean (kg)	62.95 ± 9.04	59.93 ± 7.66	0.158	62.32 ± 1.04	59.70 ± 10.02	0.246	57.24 ± 9.21	56.59 ± 12.18	0.434
Total fat (%)	35.71 ± 8.38	33.33 ± 8.33	0.213	36.69 ± 6.46	34.06 ± 6.82	0.144	37.75 ± 6.87	35.89 ± 8.04	0.247
Total lean (%)	62.01 ± 8.01	64.13 ± 7.88	0.438	60.96 ± 6.29	63.41 ± 6.59	0.072	58.57 ± 7.60	61.63 ± 7.99	0.026
Trunk fat (kg)	18.40 ± 5.54	15.43 ± 5.01	0.022	18.69 ± 3.36	15.96 ± 3.24	0.016	17.43 ± 3.27	15.46 ± 3.80	0.065
HG (kg)	32.47 ± 7.73	34.45 ± 7.34	0.23	30.13 ± 6.99	31.01 ± 6.92	0.36	32.64 ± 9.04	34.03 ± 9.25	0.33

Values in bold indicate statistically significant results (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transferase; APG, animal protein group; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HC, hip circumference; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HG, handgrip strength. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, thigh circumference; VPG, vegetable protein group; WC, waist circumference; WPG, whey protein group.

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