| Baseline . | Diabetes Insipidus (n = 38) . | Primary Polydipsia (n = 58) . | P-value . | Healthy Controls (n = 50) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | 44.6 (14.6) | 34.7 (11.9) | 0.001 | 30.3 (9.9) |
| Male sex | 16 (42.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.185 | 23 (46) |
| Smoker | 10 (26.3) | 13 (22.4) | 0.807 | 11 (22) |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (5.4) | 24.9 (5.8) | 0.032 | 23.9 (4.4) |
| Blood pressure systolic, mm Hg | 126 (18.5) | 117 (12.3) | 0.034 | 124 (9.1) |
| Blood pressure diastolic, mm Hg | 80 (9.5) | 76 (8.9) | 0.043 | 76 (9.1) |
| Pituitary disease | ||||
| Pituitary lesiona | 25 (65.8) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | - |
| Adenoma | 8 (21.1) | 2 (3.4) | 0.013 | - |
| Craniopharyngeoma | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 0.008 | - |
| Rathke cleft cyst | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Germinoma | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Mengingeoma | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0.396 | - |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Sarcoidosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Hypophysitis | 4 (10.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.078 | - |
| Trauma | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Familial diabetes insipidus | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | - |
| Idiopathic diabetes insipidus | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Anterior pituitary deficiency | 21 (55.3) | 2 (3.4) | <0.001 | - |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Psychiatric disease | 5 (13.2) | 18 (31) | 0.053 | - |
| Renal insufficiency | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 | - |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (13.2) | 4 (6.9) | 0.476 | - |
| Other comorbidities | 15 (39.5) | 25 (43.1) | 0.833 | - |
| Medication | ||||
| Desmopressin | 29 (76.3) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Testosterone/Estrogene | 13 (34.2) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Hormonal contraceptives | 4 (10.5) | 10 (17.2) | 0.555 | 7 (14) |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 17 (44.7) | 1 (1.7) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Levothyroxine | 17 (44.7) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 1 (2) |
| Growth hormone | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0.022 | 0 |
| Antidepressant | 2 (5.3) | 5 (8.6) | 0.700 | 2 (4) |
| Other psychiatric drugs | 2 (5.3) | 3 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Other medication | 15 (39.5) | 22 (37.9) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Plasma sodium concentration, mmol/L (normal range: 135-145 mmol/L) | 142 (3.0) | 140 (5.0) | 0.008 | 140 (2.6) |
| Plasma osmolality, mmol/kg (normal range: 280-300mmol/kg) | 293 (6.3) | 291 (4.6) | 0.036 | 290 (5.6) |
| Baseline . | Diabetes Insipidus (n = 38) . | Primary Polydipsia (n = 58) . | P-value . | Healthy Controls (n = 50) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | 44.6 (14.6) | 34.7 (11.9) | 0.001 | 30.3 (9.9) |
| Male sex | 16 (42.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.185 | 23 (46) |
| Smoker | 10 (26.3) | 13 (22.4) | 0.807 | 11 (22) |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (5.4) | 24.9 (5.8) | 0.032 | 23.9 (4.4) |
| Blood pressure systolic, mm Hg | 126 (18.5) | 117 (12.3) | 0.034 | 124 (9.1) |
| Blood pressure diastolic, mm Hg | 80 (9.5) | 76 (8.9) | 0.043 | 76 (9.1) |
| Pituitary disease | ||||
| Pituitary lesiona | 25 (65.8) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | - |
| Adenoma | 8 (21.1) | 2 (3.4) | 0.013 | - |
| Craniopharyngeoma | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 0.008 | - |
| Rathke cleft cyst | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Germinoma | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Mengingeoma | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0.396 | - |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Sarcoidosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Hypophysitis | 4 (10.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.078 | - |
| Trauma | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Familial diabetes insipidus | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | - |
| Idiopathic diabetes insipidus | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Anterior pituitary deficiency | 21 (55.3) | 2 (3.4) | <0.001 | - |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Psychiatric disease | 5 (13.2) | 18 (31) | 0.053 | - |
| Renal insufficiency | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 | - |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (13.2) | 4 (6.9) | 0.476 | - |
| Other comorbidities | 15 (39.5) | 25 (43.1) | 0.833 | - |
| Medication | ||||
| Desmopressin | 29 (76.3) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Testosterone/Estrogene | 13 (34.2) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Hormonal contraceptives | 4 (10.5) | 10 (17.2) | 0.555 | 7 (14) |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 17 (44.7) | 1 (1.7) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Levothyroxine | 17 (44.7) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 1 (2) |
| Growth hormone | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0.022 | 0 |
| Antidepressant | 2 (5.3) | 5 (8.6) | 0.700 | 2 (4) |
| Other psychiatric drugs | 2 (5.3) | 3 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Other medication | 15 (39.5) | 22 (37.9) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Plasma sodium concentration, mmol/L (normal range: 135-145 mmol/L) | 142 (3.0) | 140 (5.0) | 0.008 | 140 (2.6) |
| Plasma osmolality, mmol/kg (normal range: 280-300mmol/kg) | 293 (6.3) | 291 (4.6) | 0.036 | 290 (5.6) |
Baseline characteristics of patient and control data set. Data are mean (SD) or n (%). P-values for comparison between patients with diabetes insipidus and patients with primary polydipsia are derived from Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
aPituitary lesion was defined as lesion detected on cranial MRI.
| Baseline . | Diabetes Insipidus (n = 38) . | Primary Polydipsia (n = 58) . | P-value . | Healthy Controls (n = 50) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | 44.6 (14.6) | 34.7 (11.9) | 0.001 | 30.3 (9.9) |
| Male sex | 16 (42.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.185 | 23 (46) |
| Smoker | 10 (26.3) | 13 (22.4) | 0.807 | 11 (22) |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (5.4) | 24.9 (5.8) | 0.032 | 23.9 (4.4) |
| Blood pressure systolic, mm Hg | 126 (18.5) | 117 (12.3) | 0.034 | 124 (9.1) |
| Blood pressure diastolic, mm Hg | 80 (9.5) | 76 (8.9) | 0.043 | 76 (9.1) |
| Pituitary disease | ||||
| Pituitary lesiona | 25 (65.8) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | - |
| Adenoma | 8 (21.1) | 2 (3.4) | 0.013 | - |
| Craniopharyngeoma | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 0.008 | - |
| Rathke cleft cyst | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Germinoma | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Mengingeoma | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0.396 | - |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Sarcoidosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Hypophysitis | 4 (10.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.078 | - |
| Trauma | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Familial diabetes insipidus | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | - |
| Idiopathic diabetes insipidus | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Anterior pituitary deficiency | 21 (55.3) | 2 (3.4) | <0.001 | - |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Psychiatric disease | 5 (13.2) | 18 (31) | 0.053 | - |
| Renal insufficiency | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 | - |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (13.2) | 4 (6.9) | 0.476 | - |
| Other comorbidities | 15 (39.5) | 25 (43.1) | 0.833 | - |
| Medication | ||||
| Desmopressin | 29 (76.3) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Testosterone/Estrogene | 13 (34.2) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Hormonal contraceptives | 4 (10.5) | 10 (17.2) | 0.555 | 7 (14) |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 17 (44.7) | 1 (1.7) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Levothyroxine | 17 (44.7) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 1 (2) |
| Growth hormone | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0.022 | 0 |
| Antidepressant | 2 (5.3) | 5 (8.6) | 0.700 | 2 (4) |
| Other psychiatric drugs | 2 (5.3) | 3 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Other medication | 15 (39.5) | 22 (37.9) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Plasma sodium concentration, mmol/L (normal range: 135-145 mmol/L) | 142 (3.0) | 140 (5.0) | 0.008 | 140 (2.6) |
| Plasma osmolality, mmol/kg (normal range: 280-300mmol/kg) | 293 (6.3) | 291 (4.6) | 0.036 | 290 (5.6) |
| Baseline . | Diabetes Insipidus (n = 38) . | Primary Polydipsia (n = 58) . | P-value . | Healthy Controls (n = 50) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | 44.6 (14.6) | 34.7 (11.9) | 0.001 | 30.3 (9.9) |
| Male sex | 16 (42.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.185 | 23 (46) |
| Smoker | 10 (26.3) | 13 (22.4) | 0.807 | 11 (22) |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (5.4) | 24.9 (5.8) | 0.032 | 23.9 (4.4) |
| Blood pressure systolic, mm Hg | 126 (18.5) | 117 (12.3) | 0.034 | 124 (9.1) |
| Blood pressure diastolic, mm Hg | 80 (9.5) | 76 (8.9) | 0.043 | 76 (9.1) |
| Pituitary disease | ||||
| Pituitary lesiona | 25 (65.8) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | - |
| Adenoma | 8 (21.1) | 2 (3.4) | 0.013 | - |
| Craniopharyngeoma | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 0.008 | - |
| Rathke cleft cyst | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Germinoma | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Mengingeoma | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0.396 | - |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Sarcoidosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Hypophysitis | 4 (10.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.078 | - |
| Trauma | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.059 | - |
| Familial diabetes insipidus | 6 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | - |
| Idiopathic diabetes insipidus | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.154 | - |
| Anterior pituitary deficiency | 21 (55.3) | 2 (3.4) | <0.001 | - |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Psychiatric disease | 5 (13.2) | 18 (31) | 0.053 | - |
| Renal insufficiency | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 | - |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (13.2) | 4 (6.9) | 0.476 | - |
| Other comorbidities | 15 (39.5) | 25 (43.1) | 0.833 | - |
| Medication | ||||
| Desmopressin | 29 (76.3) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Testosterone/Estrogene | 13 (34.2) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Hormonal contraceptives | 4 (10.5) | 10 (17.2) | 0.555 | 7 (14) |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 17 (44.7) | 1 (1.7) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Levothyroxine | 17 (44.7) | 3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 1 (2) |
| Growth hormone | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0.022 | 0 |
| Antidepressant | 2 (5.3) | 5 (8.6) | 0.700 | 2 (4) |
| Other psychiatric drugs | 2 (5.3) | 3 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Other medication | 15 (39.5) | 22 (37.9) | 1.00 | 0 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Plasma sodium concentration, mmol/L (normal range: 135-145 mmol/L) | 142 (3.0) | 140 (5.0) | 0.008 | 140 (2.6) |
| Plasma osmolality, mmol/kg (normal range: 280-300mmol/kg) | 293 (6.3) | 291 (4.6) | 0.036 | 290 (5.6) |
Baseline characteristics of patient and control data set. Data are mean (SD) or n (%). P-values for comparison between patients with diabetes insipidus and patients with primary polydipsia are derived from Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
aPituitary lesion was defined as lesion detected on cranial MRI.
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