Characteristics of the RCTs Exploring the Role of Subcutaneous Liraglutide Injection for Chronic Weight Management in Adults
| Study . | Participant characteristics . | Number randomized . | Study duration . | Results for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Side effects for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Attrition rate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrup A et al (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 20 weeks | Body weight: −4.4 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −2.9 kg, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 76.1% vs placebo 29.6% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 28.3% vs placebo 2.0% | Nausea (47.3% vs 5.1%) Diarrhea (12.9% vs 7.1%) Vomiting (11.8% vs 2.0%) Fatigue (10.8% vs 2.0%) Gastroenteritis (7.5% vs 3.1%) | 16.3% |
| Astrup A et al (80) 2-year extension of (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 2 years | Body weight: −5.8 kg (95% CI, −8.0 to −3.7 kg, P ≤0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 73% vs placebo 28% (P ≤0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 37% vs placebo 10% (P ≤0.001). | Nausea (48.4% vs 7.1%) Gastroenteritis (23.7% vs 13.3%) Influenza (23.7% vs 10.2%) Constipation (18.3% vs 12.2%) Diarrhea (15.1% vs 10.2%) URI (14.0% vs 9.2%) Fatigue (14.0% vs 8.2%) Vomiting (12.9% vs 2.0%) | 23.8% |
| Wadden et al (81) SCALE Maintenance | 81% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension, loss ≥5 % of the initial body weight in low caloric diet run-in period (4-12 weeks) | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 212) Placebo (N = 210) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.9 kg (95% CI, −7.3 to −4.4 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −6.1 % (95% CI, −7.5 to −4.6%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 50.5% vs placebo 21.8% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 26.1% vs placebo 6.3% (P <0.0001); maintenance of ≥5% run-in weight loss: 81.4% vs placebo 48.9% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (47.6% vs 17.1%) Constipation (26.9% vs 12.4%) Diarrhea (17.9% vs 12.4%) Vomiting (16.5% vs 2.4%) Decreased appetite (9.9% vs 1.4%) Dyspepsia (9.4% vs 1.9%) Fatigue (8.0% vs 5.2%) Abdominal pain (6.6% vs 1.4%) Hypoglycemia (5.2% vs 2.4%) | 27.7% |
| Pi-Sunyer et al (82) SCALE Obesity and prediabetes | 78% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 2487) Placebo (N = 1244) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.6 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −5.1 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −5.4% (95% CI, −5.8 to −5.0%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 63.2% vs placebo 27.1% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 33.1% vs placebo 10.6% (P <0.001). | Nausea (40.2% vs 14.7%) Diarrhea (20.9% vs 9.3%) Constipation (20.0% vs 8.7%) Vomiting (16.3% vs 4.1%) Decreased appetite (10.8% vs 3.1%) Dyspepsia (9.5% vs 3.1%) | 30.6% |
| Davies et al (83) SCALE Diabetes | 50% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.0%-10.0%) treated with diet and exercise alone or in combination with 1-3 oral glucose- lowering agents | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 423) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 211) Placebo (N = 212) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −4.2 kg; Body weight: −4.0 % (95% CI, −5.1 to −2.9%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 54.3% vs placebo 21.4% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 25.2% vs placebo 6.7% (P <0.001). | Hypoglycemiaa (44.5% vs 27.4%) Nausea (32.7% vs 13.7%) Diarrhea (25.6% vs 12.7%) Constipation (16.1% vs 6.1%) Vomiting (15.6% vs 5.7%) Dyspepsia (11.1% vs 2.4%) Abdominal distension (6.2% vs 1.4%) Abdominal pain (6.2% vs 4.2%) | 25.8% |
| Blackman et al (84) SCALE Sleep Apnea | 28% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, moderate to severe OSA, unwilling or unable to use CPAP | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 180) Placebo (N = 179) | 32 weeks | Body weight: −4.9 kg (95% CI, −6.2 to −3.7 kg, P < 0.0001); Body weight: −4.2 % (95% CI, −5.2 to −3.1%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 46.4% vs placebo 18.1% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 22.4% vs placebo 1.5% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (26.7% vs 6.7%) Diarrhea (16.5% vs 7.8%) Constipation (11.9% vs 3.4%) Dyspepsia (8.5% vs0.1.1%) Vomiting (7.4% vs 2.8%) GERD (5.7% vs 0.6%) | 23.1% |
| Study . | Participant characteristics . | Number randomized . | Study duration . | Results for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Side effects for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Attrition rate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrup A et al (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 20 weeks | Body weight: −4.4 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −2.9 kg, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 76.1% vs placebo 29.6% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 28.3% vs placebo 2.0% | Nausea (47.3% vs 5.1%) Diarrhea (12.9% vs 7.1%) Vomiting (11.8% vs 2.0%) Fatigue (10.8% vs 2.0%) Gastroenteritis (7.5% vs 3.1%) | 16.3% |
| Astrup A et al (80) 2-year extension of (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 2 years | Body weight: −5.8 kg (95% CI, −8.0 to −3.7 kg, P ≤0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 73% vs placebo 28% (P ≤0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 37% vs placebo 10% (P ≤0.001). | Nausea (48.4% vs 7.1%) Gastroenteritis (23.7% vs 13.3%) Influenza (23.7% vs 10.2%) Constipation (18.3% vs 12.2%) Diarrhea (15.1% vs 10.2%) URI (14.0% vs 9.2%) Fatigue (14.0% vs 8.2%) Vomiting (12.9% vs 2.0%) | 23.8% |
| Wadden et al (81) SCALE Maintenance | 81% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension, loss ≥5 % of the initial body weight in low caloric diet run-in period (4-12 weeks) | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 212) Placebo (N = 210) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.9 kg (95% CI, −7.3 to −4.4 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −6.1 % (95% CI, −7.5 to −4.6%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 50.5% vs placebo 21.8% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 26.1% vs placebo 6.3% (P <0.0001); maintenance of ≥5% run-in weight loss: 81.4% vs placebo 48.9% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (47.6% vs 17.1%) Constipation (26.9% vs 12.4%) Diarrhea (17.9% vs 12.4%) Vomiting (16.5% vs 2.4%) Decreased appetite (9.9% vs 1.4%) Dyspepsia (9.4% vs 1.9%) Fatigue (8.0% vs 5.2%) Abdominal pain (6.6% vs 1.4%) Hypoglycemia (5.2% vs 2.4%) | 27.7% |
| Pi-Sunyer et al (82) SCALE Obesity and prediabetes | 78% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 2487) Placebo (N = 1244) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.6 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −5.1 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −5.4% (95% CI, −5.8 to −5.0%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 63.2% vs placebo 27.1% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 33.1% vs placebo 10.6% (P <0.001). | Nausea (40.2% vs 14.7%) Diarrhea (20.9% vs 9.3%) Constipation (20.0% vs 8.7%) Vomiting (16.3% vs 4.1%) Decreased appetite (10.8% vs 3.1%) Dyspepsia (9.5% vs 3.1%) | 30.6% |
| Davies et al (83) SCALE Diabetes | 50% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.0%-10.0%) treated with diet and exercise alone or in combination with 1-3 oral glucose- lowering agents | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 423) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 211) Placebo (N = 212) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −4.2 kg; Body weight: −4.0 % (95% CI, −5.1 to −2.9%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 54.3% vs placebo 21.4% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 25.2% vs placebo 6.7% (P <0.001). | Hypoglycemiaa (44.5% vs 27.4%) Nausea (32.7% vs 13.7%) Diarrhea (25.6% vs 12.7%) Constipation (16.1% vs 6.1%) Vomiting (15.6% vs 5.7%) Dyspepsia (11.1% vs 2.4%) Abdominal distension (6.2% vs 1.4%) Abdominal pain (6.2% vs 4.2%) | 25.8% |
| Blackman et al (84) SCALE Sleep Apnea | 28% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, moderate to severe OSA, unwilling or unable to use CPAP | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 180) Placebo (N = 179) | 32 weeks | Body weight: −4.9 kg (95% CI, −6.2 to −3.7 kg, P < 0.0001); Body weight: −4.2 % (95% CI, −5.2 to −3.1%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 46.4% vs placebo 18.1% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 22.4% vs placebo 1.5% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (26.7% vs 6.7%) Diarrhea (16.5% vs 7.8%) Constipation (11.9% vs 3.4%) Dyspepsia (8.5% vs0.1.1%) Vomiting (7.4% vs 2.8%) GERD (5.7% vs 0.6%) | 23.1% |
aAmerican Diabetes Association definition.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; RCT, randomized controlled trial; URI, upper respiratory tract infection.
Characteristics of the RCTs Exploring the Role of Subcutaneous Liraglutide Injection for Chronic Weight Management in Adults
| Study . | Participant characteristics . | Number randomized . | Study duration . | Results for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Side effects for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Attrition rate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrup A et al (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 20 weeks | Body weight: −4.4 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −2.9 kg, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 76.1% vs placebo 29.6% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 28.3% vs placebo 2.0% | Nausea (47.3% vs 5.1%) Diarrhea (12.9% vs 7.1%) Vomiting (11.8% vs 2.0%) Fatigue (10.8% vs 2.0%) Gastroenteritis (7.5% vs 3.1%) | 16.3% |
| Astrup A et al (80) 2-year extension of (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 2 years | Body weight: −5.8 kg (95% CI, −8.0 to −3.7 kg, P ≤0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 73% vs placebo 28% (P ≤0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 37% vs placebo 10% (P ≤0.001). | Nausea (48.4% vs 7.1%) Gastroenteritis (23.7% vs 13.3%) Influenza (23.7% vs 10.2%) Constipation (18.3% vs 12.2%) Diarrhea (15.1% vs 10.2%) URI (14.0% vs 9.2%) Fatigue (14.0% vs 8.2%) Vomiting (12.9% vs 2.0%) | 23.8% |
| Wadden et al (81) SCALE Maintenance | 81% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension, loss ≥5 % of the initial body weight in low caloric diet run-in period (4-12 weeks) | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 212) Placebo (N = 210) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.9 kg (95% CI, −7.3 to −4.4 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −6.1 % (95% CI, −7.5 to −4.6%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 50.5% vs placebo 21.8% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 26.1% vs placebo 6.3% (P <0.0001); maintenance of ≥5% run-in weight loss: 81.4% vs placebo 48.9% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (47.6% vs 17.1%) Constipation (26.9% vs 12.4%) Diarrhea (17.9% vs 12.4%) Vomiting (16.5% vs 2.4%) Decreased appetite (9.9% vs 1.4%) Dyspepsia (9.4% vs 1.9%) Fatigue (8.0% vs 5.2%) Abdominal pain (6.6% vs 1.4%) Hypoglycemia (5.2% vs 2.4%) | 27.7% |
| Pi-Sunyer et al (82) SCALE Obesity and prediabetes | 78% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 2487) Placebo (N = 1244) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.6 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −5.1 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −5.4% (95% CI, −5.8 to −5.0%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 63.2% vs placebo 27.1% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 33.1% vs placebo 10.6% (P <0.001). | Nausea (40.2% vs 14.7%) Diarrhea (20.9% vs 9.3%) Constipation (20.0% vs 8.7%) Vomiting (16.3% vs 4.1%) Decreased appetite (10.8% vs 3.1%) Dyspepsia (9.5% vs 3.1%) | 30.6% |
| Davies et al (83) SCALE Diabetes | 50% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.0%-10.0%) treated with diet and exercise alone or in combination with 1-3 oral glucose- lowering agents | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 423) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 211) Placebo (N = 212) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −4.2 kg; Body weight: −4.0 % (95% CI, −5.1 to −2.9%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 54.3% vs placebo 21.4% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 25.2% vs placebo 6.7% (P <0.001). | Hypoglycemiaa (44.5% vs 27.4%) Nausea (32.7% vs 13.7%) Diarrhea (25.6% vs 12.7%) Constipation (16.1% vs 6.1%) Vomiting (15.6% vs 5.7%) Dyspepsia (11.1% vs 2.4%) Abdominal distension (6.2% vs 1.4%) Abdominal pain (6.2% vs 4.2%) | 25.8% |
| Blackman et al (84) SCALE Sleep Apnea | 28% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, moderate to severe OSA, unwilling or unable to use CPAP | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 180) Placebo (N = 179) | 32 weeks | Body weight: −4.9 kg (95% CI, −6.2 to −3.7 kg, P < 0.0001); Body weight: −4.2 % (95% CI, −5.2 to −3.1%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 46.4% vs placebo 18.1% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 22.4% vs placebo 1.5% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (26.7% vs 6.7%) Diarrhea (16.5% vs 7.8%) Constipation (11.9% vs 3.4%) Dyspepsia (8.5% vs0.1.1%) Vomiting (7.4% vs 2.8%) GERD (5.7% vs 0.6%) | 23.1% |
| Study . | Participant characteristics . | Number randomized . | Study duration . | Results for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Side effects for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo . | Attrition rate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrup A et al (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 20 weeks | Body weight: −4.4 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −2.9 kg, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 76.1% vs placebo 29.6% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 28.3% vs placebo 2.0% | Nausea (47.3% vs 5.1%) Diarrhea (12.9% vs 7.1%) Vomiting (11.8% vs 2.0%) Fatigue (10.8% vs 2.0%) Gastroenteritis (7.5% vs 3.1%) | 16.3% |
| Astrup A et al (80) 2-year extension of (79) | 76% women stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg (N = 95) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 90) Liraglutide 2.4 mg (N = 93) Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 93) Orlistat (N = 95) Placebo (N = 98) | 2 years | Body weight: −5.8 kg (95% CI, −8.0 to −3.7 kg, P ≤0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 73% vs placebo 28% (P ≤0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 37% vs placebo 10% (P ≤0.001). | Nausea (48.4% vs 7.1%) Gastroenteritis (23.7% vs 13.3%) Influenza (23.7% vs 10.2%) Constipation (18.3% vs 12.2%) Diarrhea (15.1% vs 10.2%) URI (14.0% vs 9.2%) Fatigue (14.0% vs 8.2%) Vomiting (12.9% vs 2.0%) | 23.8% |
| Wadden et al (81) SCALE Maintenance | 81% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension, loss ≥5 % of the initial body weight in low caloric diet run-in period (4-12 weeks) | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 212) Placebo (N = 210) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.9 kg (95% CI, −7.3 to −4.4 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −6.1 % (95% CI, −7.5 to −4.6%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 50.5% vs placebo 21.8% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 26.1% vs placebo 6.3% (P <0.0001); maintenance of ≥5% run-in weight loss: 81.4% vs placebo 48.9% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (47.6% vs 17.1%) Constipation (26.9% vs 12.4%) Diarrhea (17.9% vs 12.4%) Vomiting (16.5% vs 2.4%) Decreased appetite (9.9% vs 1.4%) Dyspepsia (9.4% vs 1.9%) Fatigue (8.0% vs 5.2%) Abdominal pain (6.6% vs 1.4%) Hypoglycemia (5.2% vs 2.4%) | 27.7% |
| Pi-Sunyer et al (82) SCALE Obesity and prediabetes | 78% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with dyslipidemia or hypertension | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 2487) Placebo (N = 1244) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −5.6 kg (95% CI, −6.0 to −5.1 kg, P <0.0001); Body weight: −5.4% (95% CI, −5.8 to −5.0%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 63.2% vs placebo 27.1% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 33.1% vs placebo 10.6% (P <0.001). | Nausea (40.2% vs 14.7%) Diarrhea (20.9% vs 9.3%) Constipation (20.0% vs 8.7%) Vomiting (16.3% vs 4.1%) Decreased appetite (10.8% vs 3.1%) Dyspepsia (9.5% vs 3.1%) | 30.6% |
| Davies et al (83) SCALE Diabetes | 50% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.0%-10.0%) treated with diet and exercise alone or in combination with 1-3 oral glucose- lowering agents | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 423) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (N = 211) Placebo (N = 212) | 56 weeks | Body weight: −4.2 kg; Body weight: −4.0 % (95% CI, −5.1 to −2.9%, P <0.001); ≥5% body weight loss: 54.3% vs placebo 21.4% (P <0.001); ≥10% body weight loss: 25.2% vs placebo 6.7% (P <0.001). | Hypoglycemiaa (44.5% vs 27.4%) Nausea (32.7% vs 13.7%) Diarrhea (25.6% vs 12.7%) Constipation (16.1% vs 6.1%) Vomiting (15.6% vs 5.7%) Dyspepsia (11.1% vs 2.4%) Abdominal distension (6.2% vs 1.4%) Abdominal pain (6.2% vs 4.2%) | 25.8% |
| Blackman et al (84) SCALE Sleep Apnea | 28% women, stable body weight, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, moderate to severe OSA, unwilling or unable to use CPAP | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (N = 180) Placebo (N = 179) | 32 weeks | Body weight: −4.9 kg (95% CI, −6.2 to −3.7 kg, P < 0.0001); Body weight: −4.2 % (95% CI, −5.2 to −3.1%, P <0.0001); ≥5% body weight loss: 46.4% vs placebo 18.1% (P <0.0001); ≥10% body weight loss: 22.4% vs placebo 1.5% (P <0.0001). | Nausea (26.7% vs 6.7%) Diarrhea (16.5% vs 7.8%) Constipation (11.9% vs 3.4%) Dyspepsia (8.5% vs0.1.1%) Vomiting (7.4% vs 2.8%) GERD (5.7% vs 0.6%) | 23.1% |
aAmerican Diabetes Association definition.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; RCT, randomized controlled trial; URI, upper respiratory tract infection.
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