| Related to pressure or volume load | Arterial hypertension |
| Mitral valve disease | |
| Aortic valve disease | |
| Physical training/athletics | |
| Shunt lesions: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, open ductus arteriosus Botalli, intrapulmonary or other systemic shunts (e.g. in Paget’s disease), dialysis shunts | |
| Related to myocardial disease | Heart failure with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction/HFpEF/HFrEF |
| Left ventricular cardiomyopathies (especially dilated, hypertrophic, non-compaction) | |
| Related to storage diseases and expansion of the extracellular myocardial volume | Cardiac amyloidosis, (Anderson-)Fabry disease, haemochromatosis, etc. |
| Related to arrhythmias | Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardias |
| Congenital | Cor triatriatum, shunt lesions (see above under "related to pressure and volume load") |
| Errors in measurement | E.g. inclusion of atrial septal aneurysm, LA appendage into LA volume |
| Related to pressure or volume load | Arterial hypertension |
| Mitral valve disease | |
| Aortic valve disease | |
| Physical training/athletics | |
| Shunt lesions: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, open ductus arteriosus Botalli, intrapulmonary or other systemic shunts (e.g. in Paget’s disease), dialysis shunts | |
| Related to myocardial disease | Heart failure with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction/HFpEF/HFrEF |
| Left ventricular cardiomyopathies (especially dilated, hypertrophic, non-compaction) | |
| Related to storage diseases and expansion of the extracellular myocardial volume | Cardiac amyloidosis, (Anderson-)Fabry disease, haemochromatosis, etc. |
| Related to arrhythmias | Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardias |
| Congenital | Cor triatriatum, shunt lesions (see above under "related to pressure and volume load") |
| Errors in measurement | E.g. inclusion of atrial septal aneurysm, LA appendage into LA volume |
These aetiologies are not mutually exclusive, but several mechanisms may enhance each other in their effect on the LA (e.g. aortic stenosis associated with cardiac amyloidosis, atrial fibrillation, and mitral regurgitation).
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA, left atrium.
| Related to pressure or volume load | Arterial hypertension |
| Mitral valve disease | |
| Aortic valve disease | |
| Physical training/athletics | |
| Shunt lesions: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, open ductus arteriosus Botalli, intrapulmonary or other systemic shunts (e.g. in Paget’s disease), dialysis shunts | |
| Related to myocardial disease | Heart failure with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction/HFpEF/HFrEF |
| Left ventricular cardiomyopathies (especially dilated, hypertrophic, non-compaction) | |
| Related to storage diseases and expansion of the extracellular myocardial volume | Cardiac amyloidosis, (Anderson-)Fabry disease, haemochromatosis, etc. |
| Related to arrhythmias | Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardias |
| Congenital | Cor triatriatum, shunt lesions (see above under "related to pressure and volume load") |
| Errors in measurement | E.g. inclusion of atrial septal aneurysm, LA appendage into LA volume |
| Related to pressure or volume load | Arterial hypertension |
| Mitral valve disease | |
| Aortic valve disease | |
| Physical training/athletics | |
| Shunt lesions: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, open ductus arteriosus Botalli, intrapulmonary or other systemic shunts (e.g. in Paget’s disease), dialysis shunts | |
| Related to myocardial disease | Heart failure with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction/HFpEF/HFrEF |
| Left ventricular cardiomyopathies (especially dilated, hypertrophic, non-compaction) | |
| Related to storage diseases and expansion of the extracellular myocardial volume | Cardiac amyloidosis, (Anderson-)Fabry disease, haemochromatosis, etc. |
| Related to arrhythmias | Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardias |
| Congenital | Cor triatriatum, shunt lesions (see above under "related to pressure and volume load") |
| Errors in measurement | E.g. inclusion of atrial septal aneurysm, LA appendage into LA volume |
These aetiologies are not mutually exclusive, but several mechanisms may enhance each other in their effect on the LA (e.g. aortic stenosis associated with cardiac amyloidosis, atrial fibrillation, and mitral regurgitation).
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA, left atrium.
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