| . | Vitamin D + Ca . | . | Placebo . | . | Difference in % between groups, % . | Crude . | Mixed model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | . | P . | . |
| Weight, kg | 130 | 86.9 (84.4-89.3) | 138 | 85.5 (83.0-88.0) | 2 | .44 | .46 |
| Abdominal circumference | 130 | 94.8 (92.8-96.8) | 138 | 94.3 (92.4-96.2) | 1 | .75 | .59 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 127 (125-129) | 138 | 127 (125-129) | 0 | .66 | .77 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 81 (80-83) | 138 | 82 (80-83) | –1 | .85 | .43 |
| 25OHD, nmol/L | 129 | 89 (85-92) | 136 | 51 (46-55) | 75 | < .001 | < .001 |
| 1,25(OH)2D3, pmol/L | 129 | 107 (100-114) | 134 | 79 (73-85) | 35 | < .001 | < .001 |
| PTH, pmol/L | 111 | 4.1 (3.9-4.4) | 110 | 5.2 (4.8-5.6) | 20 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Ionized Ca, mmol/L | 126 | 1.21 (1.21-1.22) | 129 | 1.20 (1.20-1.21) | 1 | .010 | .006 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 132 | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 135 | 5.2 (5.0-5.3) | –2 | .74 | .79 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 132 | 65 (57-72) | 135 | 74 (65-84) | –13 | .12 | .02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 132 | 34 (33-34) | 135 | 35 (34-36) | –3 | .14 | .58 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 134 | 1.38 (1.31-1.44) | 135 | 1.32 (1.26-1.37) | 5 | .14 | .008 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 134 | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) | 135 | 3.1 (3.0-3.3) | –3 | .36 | .26 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 134 | 4.8 (4.7-5.0) | 135 | 4.9 (4.7-5.1) | –2 | .50 | .15 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 134 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 135 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | –12 | .07 | .11 |
| HOMA-IR | 132 | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 135 | 2.7 (2.1-3.2) | –19 | .16 | .03 |
| McAuley index | 132 | 8.1 (7.7-8.4) | 135 | 7.6 (7.3-8.0) | 6 | .06 | .010 |
| ALAT, U/L | 134 | 32 (29-35) | 135 | 32 (28-35) | 0 | .82 | .85 |
| GGT, U/L | 132 | 29 (25-33) | 135 | 33 (27-39) | –13 | .25 | .69 |
| Albumin, g/L | 134 | 45 (44-46) | 136 | 45 (44-45) | 0 | .75 | .40 |
| Amylase, U/L | 132 | 61 (57-64) | 135 | 59 (55-63) | 3 | .38 | .46 |
| Fat mass, kg | 129 | 22.2 (20.4-24.0) | 121 | 21.9 (20.0-23.9) | 1 | .84 | .30 |
| Fat mass, % of total mass | 129 | 26.0 (24.5-27.6) | 121 | 25.9 (24.4-27.5) | 0 | .92 | .18 |
| . | Vitamin D + Ca . | . | Placebo . | . | Difference in % between groups, % . | Crude . | Mixed model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | . | P . | . |
| Weight, kg | 130 | 86.9 (84.4-89.3) | 138 | 85.5 (83.0-88.0) | 2 | .44 | .46 |
| Abdominal circumference | 130 | 94.8 (92.8-96.8) | 138 | 94.3 (92.4-96.2) | 1 | .75 | .59 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 127 (125-129) | 138 | 127 (125-129) | 0 | .66 | .77 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 81 (80-83) | 138 | 82 (80-83) | –1 | .85 | .43 |
| 25OHD, nmol/L | 129 | 89 (85-92) | 136 | 51 (46-55) | 75 | < .001 | < .001 |
| 1,25(OH)2D3, pmol/L | 129 | 107 (100-114) | 134 | 79 (73-85) | 35 | < .001 | < .001 |
| PTH, pmol/L | 111 | 4.1 (3.9-4.4) | 110 | 5.2 (4.8-5.6) | 20 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Ionized Ca, mmol/L | 126 | 1.21 (1.21-1.22) | 129 | 1.20 (1.20-1.21) | 1 | .010 | .006 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 132 | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 135 | 5.2 (5.0-5.3) | –2 | .74 | .79 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 132 | 65 (57-72) | 135 | 74 (65-84) | –13 | .12 | .02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 132 | 34 (33-34) | 135 | 35 (34-36) | –3 | .14 | .58 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 134 | 1.38 (1.31-1.44) | 135 | 1.32 (1.26-1.37) | 5 | .14 | .008 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 134 | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) | 135 | 3.1 (3.0-3.3) | –3 | .36 | .26 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 134 | 4.8 (4.7-5.0) | 135 | 4.9 (4.7-5.1) | –2 | .50 | .15 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 134 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 135 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | –12 | .07 | .11 |
| HOMA-IR | 132 | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 135 | 2.7 (2.1-3.2) | –19 | .16 | .03 |
| McAuley index | 132 | 8.1 (7.7-8.4) | 135 | 7.6 (7.3-8.0) | 6 | .06 | .010 |
| ALAT, U/L | 134 | 32 (29-35) | 135 | 32 (28-35) | 0 | .82 | .85 |
| GGT, U/L | 132 | 29 (25-33) | 135 | 33 (27-39) | –13 | .25 | .69 |
| Albumin, g/L | 134 | 45 (44-46) | 136 | 45 (44-45) | 0 | .75 | .40 |
| Amylase, U/L | 132 | 61 (57-64) | 135 | 59 (55-63) | 3 | .38 | .46 |
| Fat mass, kg | 129 | 22.2 (20.4-24.0) | 121 | 21.9 (20.0-23.9) | 1 | .84 | .30 |
| Fat mass, % of total mass | 129 | 26.0 (24.5-27.6) | 121 | 25.9 (24.4-27.5) | 0 | .92 | .18 |
Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
aData presented as mean with 95% confidence interval.
| . | Vitamin D + Ca . | . | Placebo . | . | Difference in % between groups, % . | Crude . | Mixed model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | . | P . | . |
| Weight, kg | 130 | 86.9 (84.4-89.3) | 138 | 85.5 (83.0-88.0) | 2 | .44 | .46 |
| Abdominal circumference | 130 | 94.8 (92.8-96.8) | 138 | 94.3 (92.4-96.2) | 1 | .75 | .59 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 127 (125-129) | 138 | 127 (125-129) | 0 | .66 | .77 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 81 (80-83) | 138 | 82 (80-83) | –1 | .85 | .43 |
| 25OHD, nmol/L | 129 | 89 (85-92) | 136 | 51 (46-55) | 75 | < .001 | < .001 |
| 1,25(OH)2D3, pmol/L | 129 | 107 (100-114) | 134 | 79 (73-85) | 35 | < .001 | < .001 |
| PTH, pmol/L | 111 | 4.1 (3.9-4.4) | 110 | 5.2 (4.8-5.6) | 20 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Ionized Ca, mmol/L | 126 | 1.21 (1.21-1.22) | 129 | 1.20 (1.20-1.21) | 1 | .010 | .006 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 132 | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 135 | 5.2 (5.0-5.3) | –2 | .74 | .79 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 132 | 65 (57-72) | 135 | 74 (65-84) | –13 | .12 | .02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 132 | 34 (33-34) | 135 | 35 (34-36) | –3 | .14 | .58 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 134 | 1.38 (1.31-1.44) | 135 | 1.32 (1.26-1.37) | 5 | .14 | .008 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 134 | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) | 135 | 3.1 (3.0-3.3) | –3 | .36 | .26 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 134 | 4.8 (4.7-5.0) | 135 | 4.9 (4.7-5.1) | –2 | .50 | .15 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 134 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 135 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | –12 | .07 | .11 |
| HOMA-IR | 132 | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 135 | 2.7 (2.1-3.2) | –19 | .16 | .03 |
| McAuley index | 132 | 8.1 (7.7-8.4) | 135 | 7.6 (7.3-8.0) | 6 | .06 | .010 |
| ALAT, U/L | 134 | 32 (29-35) | 135 | 32 (28-35) | 0 | .82 | .85 |
| GGT, U/L | 132 | 29 (25-33) | 135 | 33 (27-39) | –13 | .25 | .69 |
| Albumin, g/L | 134 | 45 (44-46) | 136 | 45 (44-45) | 0 | .75 | .40 |
| Amylase, U/L | 132 | 61 (57-64) | 135 | 59 (55-63) | 3 | .38 | .46 |
| Fat mass, kg | 129 | 22.2 (20.4-24.0) | 121 | 21.9 (20.0-23.9) | 1 | .84 | .30 |
| Fat mass, % of total mass | 129 | 26.0 (24.5-27.6) | 121 | 25.9 (24.4-27.5) | 0 | .92 | .18 |
| . | Vitamin D + Ca . | . | Placebo . | . | Difference in % between groups, % . | Crude . | Mixed model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | No. . | Mean (CIa) . | . | P . | . |
| Weight, kg | 130 | 86.9 (84.4-89.3) | 138 | 85.5 (83.0-88.0) | 2 | .44 | .46 |
| Abdominal circumference | 130 | 94.8 (92.8-96.8) | 138 | 94.3 (92.4-96.2) | 1 | .75 | .59 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 127 (125-129) | 138 | 127 (125-129) | 0 | .66 | .77 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 | 81 (80-83) | 138 | 82 (80-83) | –1 | .85 | .43 |
| 25OHD, nmol/L | 129 | 89 (85-92) | 136 | 51 (46-55) | 75 | < .001 | < .001 |
| 1,25(OH)2D3, pmol/L | 129 | 107 (100-114) | 134 | 79 (73-85) | 35 | < .001 | < .001 |
| PTH, pmol/L | 111 | 4.1 (3.9-4.4) | 110 | 5.2 (4.8-5.6) | 20 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Ionized Ca, mmol/L | 126 | 1.21 (1.21-1.22) | 129 | 1.20 (1.20-1.21) | 1 | .010 | .006 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 132 | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 135 | 5.2 (5.0-5.3) | –2 | .74 | .79 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 132 | 65 (57-72) | 135 | 74 (65-84) | –13 | .12 | .02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 132 | 34 (33-34) | 135 | 35 (34-36) | –3 | .14 | .58 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 134 | 1.38 (1.31-1.44) | 135 | 1.32 (1.26-1.37) | 5 | .14 | .008 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 134 | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) | 135 | 3.1 (3.0-3.3) | –3 | .36 | .26 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 134 | 4.8 (4.7-5.0) | 135 | 4.9 (4.7-5.1) | –2 | .50 | .15 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 134 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 135 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | –12 | .07 | .11 |
| HOMA-IR | 132 | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 135 | 2.7 (2.1-3.2) | –19 | .16 | .03 |
| McAuley index | 132 | 8.1 (7.7-8.4) | 135 | 7.6 (7.3-8.0) | 6 | .06 | .010 |
| ALAT, U/L | 134 | 32 (29-35) | 135 | 32 (28-35) | 0 | .82 | .85 |
| GGT, U/L | 132 | 29 (25-33) | 135 | 33 (27-39) | –13 | .25 | .69 |
| Albumin, g/L | 134 | 45 (44-46) | 136 | 45 (44-45) | 0 | .75 | .40 |
| Amylase, U/L | 132 | 61 (57-64) | 135 | 59 (55-63) | 3 | .38 | .46 |
| Fat mass, kg | 129 | 22.2 (20.4-24.0) | 121 | 21.9 (20.0-23.9) | 1 | .84 | .30 |
| Fat mass, % of total mass | 129 | 26.0 (24.5-27.6) | 121 | 25.9 (24.4-27.5) | 0 | .92 | .18 |
Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
aData presented as mean with 95% confidence interval.
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