Predictors of 28-day mortality in those not admitted to hospital at first presentation (n = 355, events = 28) (presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals)
| Characteristics . | Univariable . | P-value . | Multivariable . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.08 |
| Sex (male) | 1.43 (0.66–3.09) | 0.37 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | Ref. | |||
| Asian | 3.04 (0.91–10.17) | 0.07 | ||
| Black/African descent | 1.10 (0.26–4.69) | 0.90 | ||
| Other/unknown | 1.32 (0.18–9.83) | 0.78 | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | Ref. | |||
| Current | 0.98 (0.13–7.64) | 0.98 | ||
| Prior | 2.58 (1.12–5.98) | 0.027 | 2.51 (1.01–6.25) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 0.52 (0.18–1.53) | 0.24 | ||
| CFS (AU) | 1.64 (1.31–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.05–1.89) | 0.02 |
| X-ray abnormality (yes) | 4.08 (0.37–45.04) | 0.25 | ||
| CT scan abnormality (yes) | – | – | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.17 | ||
| Diabetes (yes) | 1.62 (0.77–3.41) | 0.20 | ||
| Hypertension (yes) | 0.70 (0.28–1.73) | 0.44 | ||
| Lung disease (yes) | 1.74 (0.66–4.59) | 0.26 | ||
| Active malignancy | 2.50 (0.59–10.53) | 0.21 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 4.73 (1.64–13.65) | 0.004 | 3.85 (0.74–19.97) | 0.11 |
| ARB use (yes) | 1.75 (0.77–3.98) | 0.18 | ||
| ACEi use (yes) | 1.02 (0.35–2.94) | 0.97 | ||
| Dialysis (versus transplant) | 4.91 (0.67–36.15) | 0.118 | ||
| Days between two presentations | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.32 | ||
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| COVID-19-related symptoms | ||||
| Cough (yes) | 1.58 (0.70–3.55) | 0.27 | ||
| Fever (yes) | 1.24 (0.58–2.68) | 0.58 | ||
| Shortness of breath (yes) | 3.26 (1.39–7.62) | 0.006 | 3.23 (1.31–7.96) | 0.01 |
| Headache (yes) | 1.83 (0.62–5.40) | 0.26 | ||
| Diarrhoea (yes) | 1.25 (0.43–3.65) | 0.68 | ||
| Nausea/vomiting (yes) | – | |||
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.48 | ||
| Respiration rate (per min) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.24 | ||
| O2 saturation (%) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.017 | ||
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.84 | ||
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Lymphocyte (×1000/µL) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.36 | ||
| Characteristics . | Univariable . | P-value . | Multivariable . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.08 |
| Sex (male) | 1.43 (0.66–3.09) | 0.37 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | Ref. | |||
| Asian | 3.04 (0.91–10.17) | 0.07 | ||
| Black/African descent | 1.10 (0.26–4.69) | 0.90 | ||
| Other/unknown | 1.32 (0.18–9.83) | 0.78 | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | Ref. | |||
| Current | 0.98 (0.13–7.64) | 0.98 | ||
| Prior | 2.58 (1.12–5.98) | 0.027 | 2.51 (1.01–6.25) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 0.52 (0.18–1.53) | 0.24 | ||
| CFS (AU) | 1.64 (1.31–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.05–1.89) | 0.02 |
| X-ray abnormality (yes) | 4.08 (0.37–45.04) | 0.25 | ||
| CT scan abnormality (yes) | – | – | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.17 | ||
| Diabetes (yes) | 1.62 (0.77–3.41) | 0.20 | ||
| Hypertension (yes) | 0.70 (0.28–1.73) | 0.44 | ||
| Lung disease (yes) | 1.74 (0.66–4.59) | 0.26 | ||
| Active malignancy | 2.50 (0.59–10.53) | 0.21 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 4.73 (1.64–13.65) | 0.004 | 3.85 (0.74–19.97) | 0.11 |
| ARB use (yes) | 1.75 (0.77–3.98) | 0.18 | ||
| ACEi use (yes) | 1.02 (0.35–2.94) | 0.97 | ||
| Dialysis (versus transplant) | 4.91 (0.67–36.15) | 0.118 | ||
| Days between two presentations | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.32 | ||
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| COVID-19-related symptoms | ||||
| Cough (yes) | 1.58 (0.70–3.55) | 0.27 | ||
| Fever (yes) | 1.24 (0.58–2.68) | 0.58 | ||
| Shortness of breath (yes) | 3.26 (1.39–7.62) | 0.006 | 3.23 (1.31–7.96) | 0.01 |
| Headache (yes) | 1.83 (0.62–5.40) | 0.26 | ||
| Diarrhoea (yes) | 1.25 (0.43–3.65) | 0.68 | ||
| Nausea/vomiting (yes) | – | |||
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.48 | ||
| Respiration rate (per min) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.24 | ||
| O2 saturation (%) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.017 | ||
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.84 | ||
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Lymphocyte (×1000/µL) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.36 | ||
bpm, beats per minute; O2, oxygen.
Predictors of 28-day mortality in those not admitted to hospital at first presentation (n = 355, events = 28) (presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals)
| Characteristics . | Univariable . | P-value . | Multivariable . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.08 |
| Sex (male) | 1.43 (0.66–3.09) | 0.37 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | Ref. | |||
| Asian | 3.04 (0.91–10.17) | 0.07 | ||
| Black/African descent | 1.10 (0.26–4.69) | 0.90 | ||
| Other/unknown | 1.32 (0.18–9.83) | 0.78 | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | Ref. | |||
| Current | 0.98 (0.13–7.64) | 0.98 | ||
| Prior | 2.58 (1.12–5.98) | 0.027 | 2.51 (1.01–6.25) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 0.52 (0.18–1.53) | 0.24 | ||
| CFS (AU) | 1.64 (1.31–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.05–1.89) | 0.02 |
| X-ray abnormality (yes) | 4.08 (0.37–45.04) | 0.25 | ||
| CT scan abnormality (yes) | – | – | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.17 | ||
| Diabetes (yes) | 1.62 (0.77–3.41) | 0.20 | ||
| Hypertension (yes) | 0.70 (0.28–1.73) | 0.44 | ||
| Lung disease (yes) | 1.74 (0.66–4.59) | 0.26 | ||
| Active malignancy | 2.50 (0.59–10.53) | 0.21 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 4.73 (1.64–13.65) | 0.004 | 3.85 (0.74–19.97) | 0.11 |
| ARB use (yes) | 1.75 (0.77–3.98) | 0.18 | ||
| ACEi use (yes) | 1.02 (0.35–2.94) | 0.97 | ||
| Dialysis (versus transplant) | 4.91 (0.67–36.15) | 0.118 | ||
| Days between two presentations | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.32 | ||
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| COVID-19-related symptoms | ||||
| Cough (yes) | 1.58 (0.70–3.55) | 0.27 | ||
| Fever (yes) | 1.24 (0.58–2.68) | 0.58 | ||
| Shortness of breath (yes) | 3.26 (1.39–7.62) | 0.006 | 3.23 (1.31–7.96) | 0.01 |
| Headache (yes) | 1.83 (0.62–5.40) | 0.26 | ||
| Diarrhoea (yes) | 1.25 (0.43–3.65) | 0.68 | ||
| Nausea/vomiting (yes) | – | |||
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.48 | ||
| Respiration rate (per min) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.24 | ||
| O2 saturation (%) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.017 | ||
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.84 | ||
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Lymphocyte (×1000/µL) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.36 | ||
| Characteristics . | Univariable . | P-value . | Multivariable . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.08 |
| Sex (male) | 1.43 (0.66–3.09) | 0.37 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | Ref. | |||
| Asian | 3.04 (0.91–10.17) | 0.07 | ||
| Black/African descent | 1.10 (0.26–4.69) | 0.90 | ||
| Other/unknown | 1.32 (0.18–9.83) | 0.78 | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | Ref. | |||
| Current | 0.98 (0.13–7.64) | 0.98 | ||
| Prior | 2.58 (1.12–5.98) | 0.027 | 2.51 (1.01–6.25) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 0.52 (0.18–1.53) | 0.24 | ||
| CFS (AU) | 1.64 (1.31–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.05–1.89) | 0.02 |
| X-ray abnormality (yes) | 4.08 (0.37–45.04) | 0.25 | ||
| CT scan abnormality (yes) | – | – | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.17 | ||
| Diabetes (yes) | 1.62 (0.77–3.41) | 0.20 | ||
| Hypertension (yes) | 0.70 (0.28–1.73) | 0.44 | ||
| Lung disease (yes) | 1.74 (0.66–4.59) | 0.26 | ||
| Active malignancy | 2.50 (0.59–10.53) | 0.21 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 4.73 (1.64–13.65) | 0.004 | 3.85 (0.74–19.97) | 0.11 |
| ARB use (yes) | 1.75 (0.77–3.98) | 0.18 | ||
| ACEi use (yes) | 1.02 (0.35–2.94) | 0.97 | ||
| Dialysis (versus transplant) | 4.91 (0.67–36.15) | 0.118 | ||
| Days between two presentations | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.32 | ||
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| COVID-19-related symptoms | ||||
| Cough (yes) | 1.58 (0.70–3.55) | 0.27 | ||
| Fever (yes) | 1.24 (0.58–2.68) | 0.58 | ||
| Shortness of breath (yes) | 3.26 (1.39–7.62) | 0.006 | 3.23 (1.31–7.96) | 0.01 |
| Headache (yes) | 1.83 (0.62–5.40) | 0.26 | ||
| Diarrhoea (yes) | 1.25 (0.43–3.65) | 0.68 | ||
| Nausea/vomiting (yes) | – | |||
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.48 | ||
| Respiration rate (per min) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.24 | ||
| O2 saturation (%) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.017 | ||
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.84 | ||
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Lymphocyte (×1000/µL) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.36 | ||
bpm, beats per minute; O2, oxygen.
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