Table 2 Open in new tab Components of...

Source

Physical

Biological

References

Ocean color

Color of water and salts, suspended sediment

Plankton, principally abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state of plankton microalgae

(Callaghan, 2018; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)

Floating foam (whitecaps)

Modulated by windspeed, salinity, water temperature, atmospheric stability, (sea-air temperature difference), fetch, wind duration, wave height, wave age, current velocity.

OM (“surfactant”) concentration; chemical composition including secondary and tertiary polymeric structure; OM vertical near-surface vertical distribution. It originates largely from phytoplankton, and thus depends on phytoplankton abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state in the recent past. It depends also on biological transformation and utilization, largely by bacteria.

(Koepke, 1984), (Callaghan et al., 2012; Frouin et al., 2001; Scanlon et al., 2020; Sinnett and Feddersen, 2016; Stabeno and Monahan, 1986)

Near-surface bubble plumes

Qualitatively modulated by the same factors as floating whitecaps.

Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Closely related to whitecap formation.

(Monahan, 1993, 2020; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)

Neuston, notably floating cyanobacteria.

Modified by winds and currents

Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.

(Sieburth and Connover, 1965; Sonntag and Hense, 2011)

Floating macroalgae (green and golden tides).

Modified by winds and currents

Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.

(Liu et al., 2018; Sissini et al., 2017; Smetacek and Zingone, 2013; Zhou et al., 2015)

Floating anthropogenic materials, notably light-colored plastic

Modified by winds and currents, as well as mechanical, chemical and photo-degradation.

Anthropogenic pollution, modified by biofouling and biodegradation

(Dierssen and Garaba, 2020)

Ocean spray

Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, mainly at high windspeed.

Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps.

(Veron, 2015)

Ocean-derived atmospheric aerosols

Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, particularly after history of high windspeed Possible effects of the production of cloud-condensation nuclei through the CLAW hypothesis.

Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Production of DMSP by plankton and neuston microbes may also be important.

(Green and Hatton, 2014; Ianora et al., 2011; Meskhidze and Nenes, 2006)

Table 2

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Components of ocean albedo and some physical and biological factors that affect them

Source	Physical	Biological	References
Ocean color	Color of water and salts, suspended sediment	Plankton, principally abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state of plankton microalgae	(Callaghan, 2018; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)
Floating foam (whitecaps)	Modulated by windspeed, salinity, water temperature, atmospheric stability, (sea-air temperature difference), fetch, wind duration, wave height, wave age, current velocity.	OM (“surfactant”) concentration; chemical composition including secondary and tertiary polymeric structure; OM vertical near-surface vertical distribution. It originates largely from phytoplankton, and thus depends on phytoplankton abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state in the recent past. It depends also on biological transformation and utilization, largely by bacteria.	(Koepke, 1984), (Callaghan et al., 2012; Frouin et al., 2001; Scanlon et al., 2020; Sinnett and Feddersen, 2016; Stabeno and Monahan, 1986)
Near-surface bubble plumes	Qualitatively modulated by the same factors as floating whitecaps.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Closely related to whitecap formation.	(Monahan, 1993, 2020; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)
Neuston, notably floating cyanobacteria.	Modified by winds and currents	Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.	(Sieburth and Connover, 1965; Sonntag and Hense, 2011)
Floating macroalgae (green and golden tides).	Modified by winds and currents	Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.	(Liu et al., 2018; Sissini et al., 2017; Smetacek and Zingone, 2013; Zhou et al., 2015)
Floating anthropogenic materials, notably light-colored plastic	Modified by winds and currents, as well as mechanical, chemical and photo-degradation.	Anthropogenic pollution, modified by biofouling and biodegradation	(Dierssen and Garaba, 2020)
Ocean spray	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, mainly at high windspeed.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps.	(Veron, 2015)
Ocean-derived atmospheric aerosols	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, particularly after history of high windspeed Possible effects of the production of cloud-condensation nuclei through the CLAW hypothesis.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Production of DMSP by plankton and neuston microbes may also be important.	(Green and Hatton, 2014; Ianora et al., 2011; Meskhidze and Nenes, 2006)

Source	Physical	Biological	References
Ocean color	Color of water and salts, suspended sediment	Plankton, principally abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state of plankton microalgae	(Callaghan, 2018; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)
Floating foam (whitecaps)	Modulated by windspeed, salinity, water temperature, atmospheric stability, (sea-air temperature difference), fetch, wind duration, wave height, wave age, current velocity.	OM (“surfactant”) concentration; chemical composition including secondary and tertiary polymeric structure; OM vertical near-surface vertical distribution. It originates largely from phytoplankton, and thus depends on phytoplankton abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state in the recent past. It depends also on biological transformation and utilization, largely by bacteria.	(Koepke, 1984), (Callaghan et al., 2012; Frouin et al., 2001; Scanlon et al., 2020; Sinnett and Feddersen, 2016; Stabeno and Monahan, 1986)
Near-surface bubble plumes	Qualitatively modulated by the same factors as floating whitecaps.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Closely related to whitecap formation.	(Monahan, 1993, 2020; Cifuentes-Lorenzen and Randolph, 2020)
Neuston, notably floating cyanobacteria.	Modified by winds and currents	Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.	(Sieburth and Connover, 1965; Sonntag and Hense, 2011)
Floating macroalgae (green and golden tides).	Modified by winds and currents	Abundance, taxonomic composition and physiological state.	(Liu et al., 2018; Sissini et al., 2017; Smetacek and Zingone, 2013; Zhou et al., 2015)
Floating anthropogenic materials, notably light-colored plastic	Modified by winds and currents, as well as mechanical, chemical and photo-degradation.	Anthropogenic pollution, modified by biofouling and biodegradation	(Dierssen and Garaba, 2020)
Ocean spray	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, mainly at high windspeed.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps.	(Veron, 2015)
Ocean-derived atmospheric aerosols	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps, particularly after history of high windspeed Possible effects of the production of cloud-condensation nuclei through the CLAW hypothesis.	Qualitatively as for floating whitecaps. Production of DMSP by plankton and neuston microbes may also be important.	(Green and Hatton, 2014; Ianora et al., 2011; Meskhidze and Nenes, 2006)

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