Table 1 Open in new tab Indirect,...

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect		Estimate	SE	95% BCI
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.027	0.021	−0.081	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.007	0.014	−0.050	0.013
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.835	0.224	0.398	1.277
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.801	0.227	0.363	1.250
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.034	0.027	−0.097	0.010
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.192	0.082	0.061	0.388
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.134	0.062	0.034	0.281
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.723	0.401	−0.055	1.530
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	1.049	0.396	0.271	1.841
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.326	0.078	0.195	0.506
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.018	0.034	−0.092	0.044
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.087	0.034	0.032	0.166
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.479	0.208	−0.894	−0.082
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.410	0.202	−0.814	−0.027
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.069	0.032	0.010	0.136
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	−0.420	0.033	−0.132	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.069	0.049	−0.001	0.200
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.611	0.385	−0.094	1.412
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.639	0.388	−0.069	1.446
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.027	0.067	−0.094	0.169

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect

Estimate

95% BCI

Lower

Higher

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.027

0.021

−0.081

0.005

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.007

0.014

−0.050

0.013

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.835

0.224

0.398

1.277

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.801

0.227

0.363

1.250

Total effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.034

0.027

−0.097

0.010

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.192

0.082

0.061

0.388

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.134

0.062

0.034

0.281

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.723

0.401

−0.055

1.530

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

1.049

0.396

0.271

1.841

Total effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.326

0.078

0.195

0.506

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.018

0.034

−0.092

0.044

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.087

0.034

0.032

0.166

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.479

0.208

−0.894

−0.082

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.410

0.202

−0.814

−0.027

Total effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.069

0.032

0.010

0.136

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

−0.420

0.033

−0.132

0.005

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.069

0.049

−0.001

0.200

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.611

0.385

−0.094

1.412

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.639

0.388

−0.069

1.446

Total effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.027

0.067

−0.094

0.169

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect		Estimate	SE	95% BCI
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.027	0.021	−0.081	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.007	0.014	−0.050	0.013
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.835	0.224	0.398	1.277
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.801	0.227	0.363	1.250
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.034	0.027	−0.097	0.010
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.192	0.082	0.061	0.388
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.134	0.062	0.034	0.281
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.723	0.401	−0.055	1.530
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	1.049	0.396	0.271	1.841
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.326	0.078	0.195	0.506
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.018	0.034	−0.092	0.044
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.087	0.034	0.032	0.166
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.479	0.208	−0.894	−0.082
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.410	0.202	−0.814	−0.027
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.069	0.032	0.010	0.136
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	−0.420	0.033	−0.132	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.069	0.049	−0.001	0.200
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.611	0.385	−0.094	1.412
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.639	0.388	−0.069	1.446
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.027	0.067	−0.094	0.169

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect

Estimate

95% BCI

Lower

Higher

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.027

0.021

−0.081

0.005

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.007

0.014

−0.050

0.013

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.835

0.224

0.398

1.277

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.801

0.227

0.363

1.250

Total effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.034

0.027

−0.097

0.010

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.192

0.082

0.061

0.388

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.134

0.062

0.034

0.281

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.723

0.401

−0.055

1.530

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

1.049

0.396

0.271

1.841

Total effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.326

0.078

0.195

0.506

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.018

0.034

−0.092

0.044

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.087

0.034

0.032

0.166

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.479

0.208

−0.894

−0.082

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)

−0.410

0.202

−0.814

−0.027

Total effect

Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)

0.069

0.032

0.010

0.136

Simple indirect effects

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

−0.420

0.033

−0.132

0.005

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.069

0.049

−0.001

0.200

Direct effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.611

0.385

−0.094

1.412

Total indirect effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.639

0.388

−0.069

1.446

Total effect

Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)

0.027

0.067

−0.094

0.169

Table 1

Open in new tab

Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects for the Hypothesized Cultivation Model in the Sample of 879 Parent–Child Dyads

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect		Estimate	SE	95% BCI
				Lower	Higher
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.027	0.021	−0.081	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.007	0.014	−0.050	0.013
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.835	0.224	0.398	1.277
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.801	0.227	0.363	1.250
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.034	0.027	−0.097	0.010
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.192	0.082	0.061	0.388
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.134	0.062	0.034	0.281
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.723	0.401	−0.055	1.530
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	1.049	0.396	0.271	1.841
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.326	0.078	0.195	0.506
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.018	0.034	−0.092	0.044
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.087	0.034	0.032	0.166
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.479	0.208	−0.894	−0.082
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.410	0.202	−0.814	−0.027
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.069	0.032	0.010	0.136
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	−0.420	0.033	−0.132	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.069	0.049	−0.001	0.200
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.611	0.385	−0.094	1.412
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.639	0.388	−0.069	1.446
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.027	0.067	−0.094	0.169

Simple indirect effects, total indirect effect, direct effect, total effect		Estimate	SE	95% BCI
				Lower	Higher
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.027	0.021	−0.081	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.007	0.014	−0.050	0.013
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.835	0.224	0.398	1.277
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.801	0.227	0.363	1.250
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.034	0.027	−0.097	0.010
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.192	0.082	0.061	0.388
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.134	0.062	0.034	0.281
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.723	0.401	−0.055	1.530
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	1.049	0.396	0.271	1.841
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.326	0.078	0.195	0.506
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.018	0.034	−0.092	0.044
	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.087	0.034	0.032	0.166
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.479	0.208	−0.894	−0.082
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2)	−0.410	0.202	−0.814	−0.027
Total effect	Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (P, T2) + Self-efficacy (Ch, T1) → MVPA (P, T2)	0.069	0.032	0.010	0.136
Simple indirect effects	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	−0.420	0.033	−0.132	0.005
	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.069	0.049	−0.001	0.200
Direct effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.611	0.385	−0.094	1.412
Total indirect effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.639	0.388	−0.069	1.446
Total effect	Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (P, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → Support (Ch, T2) → MVPA (Ch, T2) + Self-efficacy (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2)	0.027	0.067	−0.094	0.169

Note. Values of indirect effect estimates presented in bold are significant at p < .05. Each bootstrap was based on 10,000 repetitions.

BCI Bias-corrected confidence intervals. BCI that do not include zero indicate a significant indirect effect; BMI body mass index z-score (children) and body mass index (parents); Ch Child; MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; P Parent; PA physical activity; Support social support provision (parents) and support receipt (children); T1 Time 1, the baseline; T2 Time 2, the 7- to 8-month follow-up.

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