Public Debt, Policies and Institutions, Growth and Poverty Reduction, 2010–2020
| . | Gross public debt (% of GDP) . | Overall CPIA Score (1 worst; 6 best) . | Change in per capita GDP (cumulative 2010–2020) . | Change in poverty from 2010 . | Extreme poverty (%) 2019 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2010 . | 2020 . | Change . | 2010 . | 2019 . | Change . | |||
| Sudan | 74.6 | 262.5 | 187.951 | 2.5 | 2.2 | −0.3 | −24.4% | −4.54438 | 13.619 |
| Zambia | 18.9 | 117.8 | 98.863 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 3.7% | −7.29687 | 58.521 |
| Angola | 37.2 | 127.1 | 89.952 | 2.8 | −15.8% | 15.29851 | 51.396 | ||
| Mozambique | 39.7 | 122.2 | 82.546 | 3.7 | 3.1 | −0.6 | 21.7% | −6.04005 | 62.290 |
| Cabo Verde | 72.5 | 139.0 | 66.495 | 4.2 | 3.8 | −0.4 | 0.2% | −3.69315 | 2.113 |
| Congo | 43.5 | 101.7 | 58.195 | 2.8 | 2.7 | −0.1 | −34.3% | 14.61319 | 55.649 |
| Gabon | 21.3 | 72.5 | 51.209 | 4.1% | −3.857346 | 3.417 | |||
| Namibia | 16.0 | 65.7 | 49.697 | −3.0% | −5.72529 | 15.953 | |||
| South Sudan | 0.0 | 44.9 | 44.881 | 2.2 | 1.4 | −0.8 | −63.9% | 38.24313 | 80.705 |
| Ghana | 34.6 | 78.0 | 43.431 | 3.8 | 3.6 | −0.2 | 42.9% | −6.88689 | 10.701 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.9 | 51.1 | 43.185 | −51.1% | #N/A | 4.428 | |||
| South Africa | 34.7 | 77.1 | 42.388 | −8.2% | 3.49941 | 19.672 | |||
| Rwanda | 18.7 | 61.0 | 42.213 | 3.8 | 4 | 0.2 | 46.4% | −15.4153 | 48.970 |
| Zimbabwe | 47.6 | 88.9 | 41.296 | 1.9 | 3 | 1.1 | 7.0% | 12.93393 | 39.530 |
| Malawi | 27.2 | 67.3 | 40.072 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 6.2% | −3.58136 | 67.553 |
| Liberia | 24.0 | 61.8 | 37.788 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | −4.4% | −14.27423 | 48.171 |
| Senegal | 28.5 | 65.8 | 37.313 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 17.9% | −10.22085 | 27.499 |
| Eswatini | 13.8 | 47.1 | 33.246 | 11.3% | −12.41151 | 27.533 | |||
| The Gambia | 42.9 | 75.8 | 32.878 | 3.3 | 3 | −0.3 | −8.1% | −17.298954 | 7.978 |
| Mauritius | 55.1 | 87.8 | 32.655 | 14.5% | −0.3680839 | 0.125 | |||
| Niger | 15.1 | 44.2 | 29.143 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 15.1% | −16.00582 | 39.290 |
| Cameroon | 14.7 | 43.2 | 28.466 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 12.0% | −9.86419 | 22.771 |
| Uganda | 18.4 | 45.7 | 27.389 | 3.9 | 3.7 | −0.2 | 16.1% | −5.59973 | 38.017 |
| Nigeria | 9.4 | 35.1 | 25.661 | 3.5 | 3.2 | −0.3 | −1.9% | −15.34868 | 39.198 |
| Sierra Leone | 46.8 | 71.9 | 25.098 | 3.2 | 3.1 | −0.1 | 16.3% | −18.18587 | 40.063 |
| Central African Republic | 19.9 | 44.9 | 25.049 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0 | −23.4% | 9.1625 | 70.760 |
| Benin | 21.0 | 45.4 | 24.387 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 20.4% | −9.26881 | 43.382 |
| Kenya | 44.4 | 68.7 | 24.284 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 28.8% | −9.80536 | 31.254 |
| Togo | 34.3 | 57.6 | 23.279 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 28.3% | −10.61341 | 45.290 |
| Burundi | 46.9 | 69.5 | 22.601 | 3.1 | 2.9 | −0.2 | −13.9% | 3.95854 | 79.526 |
| Mali | 25.3 | 44.2 | 18.861 | 3.7 | 3.4 | −0.3 | 5.9% | −7.90575 | 42.263 |
| Burkina Faso | 27.8 | 44.3 | 16.562 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 24.3% | −19.82313 | 32.825 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 61.7 | 78.1 | 16.34 | 2.6 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 10.0% | −5.73944 | 62.652 |
| Lesotho | 34.1 | 50.3 | 16.169 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | 4.9% | −13.58359 | 28.496 |
| Seychelles | 82.2 | 98.4 | 16.151 | 15.0% | −1.0328124 | 0.399 | |||
| Ethiopia | 39.6 | 55.3 | 15.655 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 105.0% | −16.44101 | 19.540 |
| Mauritania | 43.9 | 59.5 | 15.587 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 9.0% | −4.867837 | 5.348 |
| Chad | 30.1 | 43.0 | 12.952 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | −12.2% | 4.41097 | 41.037 |
| Madagascar | 32.3 | 43.6 | 11.239 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | −2.4% | −1.62475 | 76.552 |
| Tanzania | 27.2 | 38.2 | 11.026 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 34.4% | −6.68857 | 47.716 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 79.5 | 81.4 | 1.846 | 2.9 | 3 | 0.1 | 5.8% | 0.85883 | 35.452 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 45.6 | 45.7 | 0.095 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 41.1% | −10.98965 | 22.064 |
| Botswana | 20.4 | 20.0 | −0.408 | 14.5% | −3.21616 | 13.090 | |||
| Comoros | 30.5 | 26.8 | −3.652 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.6% | 0.22909 | 18.318 |
| DRC | 30.6 | 15.2 | −15.416 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 23.7% | −14.81626 | 70.995 |
| Guinea | 68.9 | 41.4 | −27.474 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 40.7% | −32.21484 | 21.260 |
| . | Gross public debt (% of GDP) . | Overall CPIA Score (1 worst; 6 best) . | Change in per capita GDP (cumulative 2010–2020) . | Change in poverty from 2010 . | Extreme poverty (%) 2019 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2010 . | 2020 . | Change . | 2010 . | 2019 . | Change . | |||
| Sudan | 74.6 | 262.5 | 187.951 | 2.5 | 2.2 | −0.3 | −24.4% | −4.54438 | 13.619 |
| Zambia | 18.9 | 117.8 | 98.863 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 3.7% | −7.29687 | 58.521 |
| Angola | 37.2 | 127.1 | 89.952 | 2.8 | −15.8% | 15.29851 | 51.396 | ||
| Mozambique | 39.7 | 122.2 | 82.546 | 3.7 | 3.1 | −0.6 | 21.7% | −6.04005 | 62.290 |
| Cabo Verde | 72.5 | 139.0 | 66.495 | 4.2 | 3.8 | −0.4 | 0.2% | −3.69315 | 2.113 |
| Congo | 43.5 | 101.7 | 58.195 | 2.8 | 2.7 | −0.1 | −34.3% | 14.61319 | 55.649 |
| Gabon | 21.3 | 72.5 | 51.209 | 4.1% | −3.857346 | 3.417 | |||
| Namibia | 16.0 | 65.7 | 49.697 | −3.0% | −5.72529 | 15.953 | |||
| South Sudan | 0.0 | 44.9 | 44.881 | 2.2 | 1.4 | −0.8 | −63.9% | 38.24313 | 80.705 |
| Ghana | 34.6 | 78.0 | 43.431 | 3.8 | 3.6 | −0.2 | 42.9% | −6.88689 | 10.701 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.9 | 51.1 | 43.185 | −51.1% | #N/A | 4.428 | |||
| South Africa | 34.7 | 77.1 | 42.388 | −8.2% | 3.49941 | 19.672 | |||
| Rwanda | 18.7 | 61.0 | 42.213 | 3.8 | 4 | 0.2 | 46.4% | −15.4153 | 48.970 |
| Zimbabwe | 47.6 | 88.9 | 41.296 | 1.9 | 3 | 1.1 | 7.0% | 12.93393 | 39.530 |
| Malawi | 27.2 | 67.3 | 40.072 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 6.2% | −3.58136 | 67.553 |
| Liberia | 24.0 | 61.8 | 37.788 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | −4.4% | −14.27423 | 48.171 |
| Senegal | 28.5 | 65.8 | 37.313 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 17.9% | −10.22085 | 27.499 |
| Eswatini | 13.8 | 47.1 | 33.246 | 11.3% | −12.41151 | 27.533 | |||
| The Gambia | 42.9 | 75.8 | 32.878 | 3.3 | 3 | −0.3 | −8.1% | −17.298954 | 7.978 |
| Mauritius | 55.1 | 87.8 | 32.655 | 14.5% | −0.3680839 | 0.125 | |||
| Niger | 15.1 | 44.2 | 29.143 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 15.1% | −16.00582 | 39.290 |
| Cameroon | 14.7 | 43.2 | 28.466 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 12.0% | −9.86419 | 22.771 |
| Uganda | 18.4 | 45.7 | 27.389 | 3.9 | 3.7 | −0.2 | 16.1% | −5.59973 | 38.017 |
| Nigeria | 9.4 | 35.1 | 25.661 | 3.5 | 3.2 | −0.3 | −1.9% | −15.34868 | 39.198 |
| Sierra Leone | 46.8 | 71.9 | 25.098 | 3.2 | 3.1 | −0.1 | 16.3% | −18.18587 | 40.063 |
| Central African Republic | 19.9 | 44.9 | 25.049 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0 | −23.4% | 9.1625 | 70.760 |
| Benin | 21.0 | 45.4 | 24.387 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 20.4% | −9.26881 | 43.382 |
| Kenya | 44.4 | 68.7 | 24.284 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 28.8% | −9.80536 | 31.254 |
| Togo | 34.3 | 57.6 | 23.279 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 28.3% | −10.61341 | 45.290 |
| Burundi | 46.9 | 69.5 | 22.601 | 3.1 | 2.9 | −0.2 | −13.9% | 3.95854 | 79.526 |
| Mali | 25.3 | 44.2 | 18.861 | 3.7 | 3.4 | −0.3 | 5.9% | −7.90575 | 42.263 |
| Burkina Faso | 27.8 | 44.3 | 16.562 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 24.3% | −19.82313 | 32.825 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 61.7 | 78.1 | 16.34 | 2.6 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 10.0% | −5.73944 | 62.652 |
| Lesotho | 34.1 | 50.3 | 16.169 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | 4.9% | −13.58359 | 28.496 |
| Seychelles | 82.2 | 98.4 | 16.151 | 15.0% | −1.0328124 | 0.399 | |||
| Ethiopia | 39.6 | 55.3 | 15.655 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 105.0% | −16.44101 | 19.540 |
| Mauritania | 43.9 | 59.5 | 15.587 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 9.0% | −4.867837 | 5.348 |
| Chad | 30.1 | 43.0 | 12.952 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | −12.2% | 4.41097 | 41.037 |
| Madagascar | 32.3 | 43.6 | 11.239 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | −2.4% | −1.62475 | 76.552 |
| Tanzania | 27.2 | 38.2 | 11.026 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 34.4% | −6.68857 | 47.716 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 79.5 | 81.4 | 1.846 | 2.9 | 3 | 0.1 | 5.8% | 0.85883 | 35.452 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 45.6 | 45.7 | 0.095 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 41.1% | −10.98965 | 22.064 |
| Botswana | 20.4 | 20.0 | −0.408 | 14.5% | −3.21616 | 13.090 | |||
| Comoros | 30.5 | 26.8 | −3.652 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.6% | 0.22909 | 18.318 |
| DRC | 30.6 | 15.2 | −15.416 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 23.7% | −14.81626 | 70.995 |
| Guinea | 68.9 | 41.4 | −27.474 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 40.7% | −32.21484 | 21.260 |
Source: Author’s calculations, based on World Bank and IMF data.
Public Debt, Policies and Institutions, Growth and Poverty Reduction, 2010–2020
| . | Gross public debt (% of GDP) . | Overall CPIA Score (1 worst; 6 best) . | Change in per capita GDP (cumulative 2010–2020) . | Change in poverty from 2010 . | Extreme poverty (%) 2019 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2010 . | 2020 . | Change . | 2010 . | 2019 . | Change . | |||
| Sudan | 74.6 | 262.5 | 187.951 | 2.5 | 2.2 | −0.3 | −24.4% | −4.54438 | 13.619 |
| Zambia | 18.9 | 117.8 | 98.863 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 3.7% | −7.29687 | 58.521 |
| Angola | 37.2 | 127.1 | 89.952 | 2.8 | −15.8% | 15.29851 | 51.396 | ||
| Mozambique | 39.7 | 122.2 | 82.546 | 3.7 | 3.1 | −0.6 | 21.7% | −6.04005 | 62.290 |
| Cabo Verde | 72.5 | 139.0 | 66.495 | 4.2 | 3.8 | −0.4 | 0.2% | −3.69315 | 2.113 |
| Congo | 43.5 | 101.7 | 58.195 | 2.8 | 2.7 | −0.1 | −34.3% | 14.61319 | 55.649 |
| Gabon | 21.3 | 72.5 | 51.209 | 4.1% | −3.857346 | 3.417 | |||
| Namibia | 16.0 | 65.7 | 49.697 | −3.0% | −5.72529 | 15.953 | |||
| South Sudan | 0.0 | 44.9 | 44.881 | 2.2 | 1.4 | −0.8 | −63.9% | 38.24313 | 80.705 |
| Ghana | 34.6 | 78.0 | 43.431 | 3.8 | 3.6 | −0.2 | 42.9% | −6.88689 | 10.701 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.9 | 51.1 | 43.185 | −51.1% | #N/A | 4.428 | |||
| South Africa | 34.7 | 77.1 | 42.388 | −8.2% | 3.49941 | 19.672 | |||
| Rwanda | 18.7 | 61.0 | 42.213 | 3.8 | 4 | 0.2 | 46.4% | −15.4153 | 48.970 |
| Zimbabwe | 47.6 | 88.9 | 41.296 | 1.9 | 3 | 1.1 | 7.0% | 12.93393 | 39.530 |
| Malawi | 27.2 | 67.3 | 40.072 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 6.2% | −3.58136 | 67.553 |
| Liberia | 24.0 | 61.8 | 37.788 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | −4.4% | −14.27423 | 48.171 |
| Senegal | 28.5 | 65.8 | 37.313 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 17.9% | −10.22085 | 27.499 |
| Eswatini | 13.8 | 47.1 | 33.246 | 11.3% | −12.41151 | 27.533 | |||
| The Gambia | 42.9 | 75.8 | 32.878 | 3.3 | 3 | −0.3 | −8.1% | −17.298954 | 7.978 |
| Mauritius | 55.1 | 87.8 | 32.655 | 14.5% | −0.3680839 | 0.125 | |||
| Niger | 15.1 | 44.2 | 29.143 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 15.1% | −16.00582 | 39.290 |
| Cameroon | 14.7 | 43.2 | 28.466 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 12.0% | −9.86419 | 22.771 |
| Uganda | 18.4 | 45.7 | 27.389 | 3.9 | 3.7 | −0.2 | 16.1% | −5.59973 | 38.017 |
| Nigeria | 9.4 | 35.1 | 25.661 | 3.5 | 3.2 | −0.3 | −1.9% | −15.34868 | 39.198 |
| Sierra Leone | 46.8 | 71.9 | 25.098 | 3.2 | 3.1 | −0.1 | 16.3% | −18.18587 | 40.063 |
| Central African Republic | 19.9 | 44.9 | 25.049 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0 | −23.4% | 9.1625 | 70.760 |
| Benin | 21.0 | 45.4 | 24.387 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 20.4% | −9.26881 | 43.382 |
| Kenya | 44.4 | 68.7 | 24.284 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 28.8% | −9.80536 | 31.254 |
| Togo | 34.3 | 57.6 | 23.279 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 28.3% | −10.61341 | 45.290 |
| Burundi | 46.9 | 69.5 | 22.601 | 3.1 | 2.9 | −0.2 | −13.9% | 3.95854 | 79.526 |
| Mali | 25.3 | 44.2 | 18.861 | 3.7 | 3.4 | −0.3 | 5.9% | −7.90575 | 42.263 |
| Burkina Faso | 27.8 | 44.3 | 16.562 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 24.3% | −19.82313 | 32.825 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 61.7 | 78.1 | 16.34 | 2.6 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 10.0% | −5.73944 | 62.652 |
| Lesotho | 34.1 | 50.3 | 16.169 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | 4.9% | −13.58359 | 28.496 |
| Seychelles | 82.2 | 98.4 | 16.151 | 15.0% | −1.0328124 | 0.399 | |||
| Ethiopia | 39.6 | 55.3 | 15.655 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 105.0% | −16.44101 | 19.540 |
| Mauritania | 43.9 | 59.5 | 15.587 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 9.0% | −4.867837 | 5.348 |
| Chad | 30.1 | 43.0 | 12.952 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | −12.2% | 4.41097 | 41.037 |
| Madagascar | 32.3 | 43.6 | 11.239 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | −2.4% | −1.62475 | 76.552 |
| Tanzania | 27.2 | 38.2 | 11.026 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 34.4% | −6.68857 | 47.716 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 79.5 | 81.4 | 1.846 | 2.9 | 3 | 0.1 | 5.8% | 0.85883 | 35.452 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 45.6 | 45.7 | 0.095 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 41.1% | −10.98965 | 22.064 |
| Botswana | 20.4 | 20.0 | −0.408 | 14.5% | −3.21616 | 13.090 | |||
| Comoros | 30.5 | 26.8 | −3.652 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.6% | 0.22909 | 18.318 |
| DRC | 30.6 | 15.2 | −15.416 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 23.7% | −14.81626 | 70.995 |
| Guinea | 68.9 | 41.4 | −27.474 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 40.7% | −32.21484 | 21.260 |
| . | Gross public debt (% of GDP) . | Overall CPIA Score (1 worst; 6 best) . | Change in per capita GDP (cumulative 2010–2020) . | Change in poverty from 2010 . | Extreme poverty (%) 2019 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2010 . | 2020 . | Change . | 2010 . | 2019 . | Change . | |||
| Sudan | 74.6 | 262.5 | 187.951 | 2.5 | 2.2 | −0.3 | −24.4% | −4.54438 | 13.619 |
| Zambia | 18.9 | 117.8 | 98.863 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 3.7% | −7.29687 | 58.521 |
| Angola | 37.2 | 127.1 | 89.952 | 2.8 | −15.8% | 15.29851 | 51.396 | ||
| Mozambique | 39.7 | 122.2 | 82.546 | 3.7 | 3.1 | −0.6 | 21.7% | −6.04005 | 62.290 |
| Cabo Verde | 72.5 | 139.0 | 66.495 | 4.2 | 3.8 | −0.4 | 0.2% | −3.69315 | 2.113 |
| Congo | 43.5 | 101.7 | 58.195 | 2.8 | 2.7 | −0.1 | −34.3% | 14.61319 | 55.649 |
| Gabon | 21.3 | 72.5 | 51.209 | 4.1% | −3.857346 | 3.417 | |||
| Namibia | 16.0 | 65.7 | 49.697 | −3.0% | −5.72529 | 15.953 | |||
| South Sudan | 0.0 | 44.9 | 44.881 | 2.2 | 1.4 | −0.8 | −63.9% | 38.24313 | 80.705 |
| Ghana | 34.6 | 78.0 | 43.431 | 3.8 | 3.6 | −0.2 | 42.9% | −6.88689 | 10.701 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.9 | 51.1 | 43.185 | −51.1% | #N/A | 4.428 | |||
| South Africa | 34.7 | 77.1 | 42.388 | −8.2% | 3.49941 | 19.672 | |||
| Rwanda | 18.7 | 61.0 | 42.213 | 3.8 | 4 | 0.2 | 46.4% | −15.4153 | 48.970 |
| Zimbabwe | 47.6 | 88.9 | 41.296 | 1.9 | 3 | 1.1 | 7.0% | 12.93393 | 39.530 |
| Malawi | 27.2 | 67.3 | 40.072 | 3.4 | 3.2 | −0.2 | 6.2% | −3.58136 | 67.553 |
| Liberia | 24.0 | 61.8 | 37.788 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | −4.4% | −14.27423 | 48.171 |
| Senegal | 28.5 | 65.8 | 37.313 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 17.9% | −10.22085 | 27.499 |
| Eswatini | 13.8 | 47.1 | 33.246 | 11.3% | −12.41151 | 27.533 | |||
| The Gambia | 42.9 | 75.8 | 32.878 | 3.3 | 3 | −0.3 | −8.1% | −17.298954 | 7.978 |
| Mauritius | 55.1 | 87.8 | 32.655 | 14.5% | −0.3680839 | 0.125 | |||
| Niger | 15.1 | 44.2 | 29.143 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 15.1% | −16.00582 | 39.290 |
| Cameroon | 14.7 | 43.2 | 28.466 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 12.0% | −9.86419 | 22.771 |
| Uganda | 18.4 | 45.7 | 27.389 | 3.9 | 3.7 | −0.2 | 16.1% | −5.59973 | 38.017 |
| Nigeria | 9.4 | 35.1 | 25.661 | 3.5 | 3.2 | −0.3 | −1.9% | −15.34868 | 39.198 |
| Sierra Leone | 46.8 | 71.9 | 25.098 | 3.2 | 3.1 | −0.1 | 16.3% | −18.18587 | 40.063 |
| Central African Republic | 19.9 | 44.9 | 25.049 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0 | −23.4% | 9.1625 | 70.760 |
| Benin | 21.0 | 45.4 | 24.387 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 20.4% | −9.26881 | 43.382 |
| Kenya | 44.4 | 68.7 | 24.284 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0 | 28.8% | −9.80536 | 31.254 |
| Togo | 34.3 | 57.6 | 23.279 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 28.3% | −10.61341 | 45.290 |
| Burundi | 46.9 | 69.5 | 22.601 | 3.1 | 2.9 | −0.2 | −13.9% | 3.95854 | 79.526 |
| Mali | 25.3 | 44.2 | 18.861 | 3.7 | 3.4 | −0.3 | 5.9% | −7.90575 | 42.263 |
| Burkina Faso | 27.8 | 44.3 | 16.562 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 24.3% | −19.82313 | 32.825 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 61.7 | 78.1 | 16.34 | 2.6 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 10.0% | −5.73944 | 62.652 |
| Lesotho | 34.1 | 50.3 | 16.169 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | 4.9% | −13.58359 | 28.496 |
| Seychelles | 82.2 | 98.4 | 16.151 | 15.0% | −1.0328124 | 0.399 | |||
| Ethiopia | 39.6 | 55.3 | 15.655 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 105.0% | −16.44101 | 19.540 |
| Mauritania | 43.9 | 59.5 | 15.587 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 9.0% | −4.867837 | 5.348 |
| Chad | 30.1 | 43.0 | 12.952 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | −12.2% | 4.41097 | 41.037 |
| Madagascar | 32.3 | 43.6 | 11.239 | 3.5 | 3.3 | −0.2 | −2.4% | −1.62475 | 76.552 |
| Tanzania | 27.2 | 38.2 | 11.026 | 3.8 | 3.5 | −0.3 | 34.4% | −6.68857 | 47.716 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 79.5 | 81.4 | 1.846 | 2.9 | 3 | 0.1 | 5.8% | 0.85883 | 35.452 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 45.6 | 45.7 | 0.095 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 41.1% | −10.98965 | 22.064 |
| Botswana | 20.4 | 20.0 | −0.408 | 14.5% | −3.21616 | 13.090 | |||
| Comoros | 30.5 | 26.8 | −3.652 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.6% | 0.22909 | 18.318 |
| DRC | 30.6 | 15.2 | −15.416 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 23.7% | −14.81626 | 70.995 |
| Guinea | 68.9 | 41.4 | −27.474 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 40.7% | −32.21484 | 21.260 |
Source: Author’s calculations, based on World Bank and IMF data.
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