Table 1.
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Demographic, Nutritional Status, and Clinical Profile of Children (< 15 Years of Age) With Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB), TB, and Without TB, Enrolled From Selected 4 Tertiary Care Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 2018–April 2019 (N = 447)

CharacteristicTotal (N = 447)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Induced Sputum (n = 29)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Stool but Negative on Induced Sputum (n = 43)Clinically Diagnosed (n = 39)Non-TB (n = 336)
No. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)a
Age, y
 0–4296 (66.2)15 (51.7)

29

(67.4)

22

(56.4)

230

(68.5)

 5–9105 (23.5)

8

(27.6)

11

(25.6)

14

(35.9)

72

(21.4)

 10–1446 (10.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(7.0)

3

(7.7)

34

(10.1)

Sex
 Male254 (56.8)

14

(48.3)

24

(55.8)

25

(64.1)

191

(56.8)

 Female

193

(43.2)

15

(51.7)

19

(44.2)

14

(35.9)

145

(43.2)

Nutritional statusb
 Age < 5 y (n = 296)c
  No malnutrition77 (26)

2

(13.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(13.6)

66

(28.7)

  Moderate malnutrition76 (25.7)

5

(33.3)

8

(27.6)

6

(27.3)

57

(24.8)

  Severe malnutrition143 (48.3)

8

(53.3)

15

(51.7)

13

(59.1)

107

(46.5)

 Age ≥ 5 y (n = 151)d
  Overweight and obesity4 (2.6)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

4

(3.8)

  Normal55 (36.4)

2

(14.3)

8

(57.1)

4

(23.5)

41

(38.7)

  Thinness48 (31.8)

6

(42.9)

2

(14.3)

6

(35.3)

34

(32.1)

  Severe thinness

44

(29.1)

6

(42.9)

4

(28.6)

7

(41.2)

27

(25.5)

Cough
 No cough

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

2

(4.7)

1

(2.6)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

109

(24.4)

8

(27.6)

12

(27.9)

7

(17.9)

82

(24.4)

 >2 wk

321

(71.8)

21

(72.4)

29

(67.4)

31

(79.5)

240

(71.4)

Fever
 No fever

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

2

(5.1)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

124

(27.7)

1

(3.4)

14

(32.6)

7

(17.9)

102

(30.4)

 >2 wk

306

(68.5)

28

(96.6)

28

(65.1)

30

(76.9)

220

(65.5)

Other symptomse
 Loss of appetite

399

(89.3)

27

(93.1)

36

(83.7)

37

(94.9)

299

(89.0)

 Night sweats

278

(62.2)

21

(72.4)

27

(62.8)

28

(71.8)

202

(60.1)

 Significant weight loss

381

(85.2)

26

(89.7)

37

(86.0)

36

(92.3)

282

(83.9)

 Decreased activity

419

(93.7)

28

(96.6)

41

(95.3)

36

(92.3)

314

(93.5)

 Nutritional edema

12

(2.7)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

0

(0.0)

11

(3.3)

 Previous history of TB

11

(2.5)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

1

(2.6)

9

(2.7)

 History of TB contact in family

114

(25.5)

8

(27.6)

10

(23.3)

18

(46.2)

78

(23.2)

CharacteristicTotal (N = 447)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Induced Sputum (n = 29)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Stool but Negative on Induced Sputum (n = 43)Clinically Diagnosed (n = 39)Non-TB (n = 336)
No. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)a
Age, y
 0–4296 (66.2)15 (51.7)

29

(67.4)

22

(56.4)

230

(68.5)

 5–9105 (23.5)

8

(27.6)

11

(25.6)

14

(35.9)

72

(21.4)

 10–1446 (10.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(7.0)

3

(7.7)

34

(10.1)

Sex
 Male254 (56.8)

14

(48.3)

24

(55.8)

25

(64.1)

191

(56.8)

 Female

193

(43.2)

15

(51.7)

19

(44.2)

14

(35.9)

145

(43.2)

Nutritional statusb
 Age < 5 y (n = 296)c
  No malnutrition77 (26)

2

(13.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(13.6)

66

(28.7)

  Moderate malnutrition76 (25.7)

5

(33.3)

8

(27.6)

6

(27.3)

57

(24.8)

  Severe malnutrition143 (48.3)

8

(53.3)

15

(51.7)

13

(59.1)

107

(46.5)

 Age ≥ 5 y (n = 151)d
  Overweight and obesity4 (2.6)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

4

(3.8)

  Normal55 (36.4)

2

(14.3)

8

(57.1)

4

(23.5)

41

(38.7)

  Thinness48 (31.8)

6

(42.9)

2

(14.3)

6

(35.3)

34

(32.1)

  Severe thinness

44

(29.1)

6

(42.9)

4

(28.6)

7

(41.2)

27

(25.5)

Cough
 No cough

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

2

(4.7)

1

(2.6)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

109

(24.4)

8

(27.6)

12

(27.9)

7

(17.9)

82

(24.4)

 >2 wk

321

(71.8)

21

(72.4)

29

(67.4)

31

(79.5)

240

(71.4)

Fever
 No fever

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

2

(5.1)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

124

(27.7)

1

(3.4)

14

(32.6)

7

(17.9)

102

(30.4)

 >2 wk

306

(68.5)

28

(96.6)

28

(65.1)

30

(76.9)

220

(65.5)

Other symptomse
 Loss of appetite

399

(89.3)

27

(93.1)

36

(83.7)

37

(94.9)

299

(89.0)

 Night sweats

278

(62.2)

21

(72.4)

27

(62.8)

28

(71.8)

202

(60.1)

 Significant weight loss

381

(85.2)

26

(89.7)

37

(86.0)

36

(92.3)

282

(83.9)

 Decreased activity

419

(93.7)

28

(96.6)

41

(95.3)

36

(92.3)

314

(93.5)

 Nutritional edema

12

(2.7)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

0

(0.0)

11

(3.3)

 Previous history of TB

11

(2.5)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

1

(2.6)

9

(2.7)

 History of TB contact in family

114

(25.5)

8

(27.6)

10

(23.3)

18

(46.2)

78

(23.2)

Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis.

aPercentage calculated out of “No.”

bNutritional status as assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) z scores based on height, weight, and age.

cAny of height for age, weight for age, and weight for height, measuring as follows, was considered: ≤ −2: no malnutrition; < −2 to −3: moderate malnutrition; and < −3, severe malnutrition.

dBody mass index for age was measured and categorized as per WHO growth card for children aged 5–19 years.

eAs reported by the parents/caregiver; multiple answers are possible.

Table 1.
Open in new tab

Demographic, Nutritional Status, and Clinical Profile of Children (< 15 Years of Age) With Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB), TB, and Without TB, Enrolled From Selected 4 Tertiary Care Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 2018–April 2019 (N = 447)

CharacteristicTotal (N = 447)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Induced Sputum (n = 29)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Stool but Negative on Induced Sputum (n = 43)Clinically Diagnosed (n = 39)Non-TB (n = 336)
No. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)a
Age, y
 0–4296 (66.2)15 (51.7)

29

(67.4)

22

(56.4)

230

(68.5)

 5–9105 (23.5)

8

(27.6)

11

(25.6)

14

(35.9)

72

(21.4)

 10–1446 (10.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(7.0)

3

(7.7)

34

(10.1)

Sex
 Male254 (56.8)

14

(48.3)

24

(55.8)

25

(64.1)

191

(56.8)

 Female

193

(43.2)

15

(51.7)

19

(44.2)

14

(35.9)

145

(43.2)

Nutritional statusb
 Age < 5 y (n = 296)c
  No malnutrition77 (26)

2

(13.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(13.6)

66

(28.7)

  Moderate malnutrition76 (25.7)

5

(33.3)

8

(27.6)

6

(27.3)

57

(24.8)

  Severe malnutrition143 (48.3)

8

(53.3)

15

(51.7)

13

(59.1)

107

(46.5)

 Age ≥ 5 y (n = 151)d
  Overweight and obesity4 (2.6)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

4

(3.8)

  Normal55 (36.4)

2

(14.3)

8

(57.1)

4

(23.5)

41

(38.7)

  Thinness48 (31.8)

6

(42.9)

2

(14.3)

6

(35.3)

34

(32.1)

  Severe thinness

44

(29.1)

6

(42.9)

4

(28.6)

7

(41.2)

27

(25.5)

Cough
 No cough

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

2

(4.7)

1

(2.6)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

109

(24.4)

8

(27.6)

12

(27.9)

7

(17.9)

82

(24.4)

 >2 wk

321

(71.8)

21

(72.4)

29

(67.4)

31

(79.5)

240

(71.4)

Fever
 No fever

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

2

(5.1)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

124

(27.7)

1

(3.4)

14

(32.6)

7

(17.9)

102

(30.4)

 >2 wk

306

(68.5)

28

(96.6)

28

(65.1)

30

(76.9)

220

(65.5)

Other symptomse
 Loss of appetite

399

(89.3)

27

(93.1)

36

(83.7)

37

(94.9)

299

(89.0)

 Night sweats

278

(62.2)

21

(72.4)

27

(62.8)

28

(71.8)

202

(60.1)

 Significant weight loss

381

(85.2)

26

(89.7)

37

(86.0)

36

(92.3)

282

(83.9)

 Decreased activity

419

(93.7)

28

(96.6)

41

(95.3)

36

(92.3)

314

(93.5)

 Nutritional edema

12

(2.7)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

0

(0.0)

11

(3.3)

 Previous history of TB

11

(2.5)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

1

(2.6)

9

(2.7)

 History of TB contact in family

114

(25.5)

8

(27.6)

10

(23.3)

18

(46.2)

78

(23.2)

CharacteristicTotal (N = 447)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Induced Sputum (n = 29)Bacteriologically Confirmed on Stool but Negative on Induced Sputum (n = 43)Clinically Diagnosed (n = 39)Non-TB (n = 336)
No. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)aNo. (%)a
Age, y
 0–4296 (66.2)15 (51.7)

29

(67.4)

22

(56.4)

230

(68.5)

 5–9105 (23.5)

8

(27.6)

11

(25.6)

14

(35.9)

72

(21.4)

 10–1446 (10.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(7.0)

3

(7.7)

34

(10.1)

Sex
 Male254 (56.8)

14

(48.3)

24

(55.8)

25

(64.1)

191

(56.8)

 Female

193

(43.2)

15

(51.7)

19

(44.2)

14

(35.9)

145

(43.2)

Nutritional statusb
 Age < 5 y (n = 296)c
  No malnutrition77 (26)

2

(13.3)

6

(20.7)

3

(13.6)

66

(28.7)

  Moderate malnutrition76 (25.7)

5

(33.3)

8

(27.6)

6

(27.3)

57

(24.8)

  Severe malnutrition143 (48.3)

8

(53.3)

15

(51.7)

13

(59.1)

107

(46.5)

 Age ≥ 5 y (n = 151)d
  Overweight and obesity4 (2.6)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

4

(3.8)

  Normal55 (36.4)

2

(14.3)

8

(57.1)

4

(23.5)

41

(38.7)

  Thinness48 (31.8)

6

(42.9)

2

(14.3)

6

(35.3)

34

(32.1)

  Severe thinness

44

(29.1)

6

(42.9)

4

(28.6)

7

(41.2)

27

(25.5)

Cough
 No cough

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

2

(4.7)

1

(2.6)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

109

(24.4)

8

(27.6)

12

(27.9)

7

(17.9)

82

(24.4)

 >2 wk

321

(71.8)

21

(72.4)

29

(67.4)

31

(79.5)

240

(71.4)

Fever
 No fever

17

(3.8)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

2

(5.1)

14

(4.2)

 <2 wk

124

(27.7)

1

(3.4)

14

(32.6)

7

(17.9)

102

(30.4)

 >2 wk

306

(68.5)

28

(96.6)

28

(65.1)

30

(76.9)

220

(65.5)

Other symptomse
 Loss of appetite

399

(89.3)

27

(93.1)

36

(83.7)

37

(94.9)

299

(89.0)

 Night sweats

278

(62.2)

21

(72.4)

27

(62.8)

28

(71.8)

202

(60.1)

 Significant weight loss

381

(85.2)

26

(89.7)

37

(86.0)

36

(92.3)

282

(83.9)

 Decreased activity

419

(93.7)

28

(96.6)

41

(95.3)

36

(92.3)

314

(93.5)

 Nutritional edema

12

(2.7)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

0

(0.0)

11

(3.3)

 Previous history of TB

11

(2.5)

0

(0.0)

1

(2.3)

1

(2.6)

9

(2.7)

 History of TB contact in family

114

(25.5)

8

(27.6)

10

(23.3)

18

(46.2)

78

(23.2)

Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis.

aPercentage calculated out of “No.”

bNutritional status as assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) z scores based on height, weight, and age.

cAny of height for age, weight for age, and weight for height, measuring as follows, was considered: ≤ −2: no malnutrition; < −2 to −3: moderate malnutrition; and < −3, severe malnutrition.

dBody mass index for age was measured and categorized as per WHO growth card for children aged 5–19 years.

eAs reported by the parents/caregiver; multiple answers are possible.

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