| Author and year . | Type of study . | Number of patients . | Nomenclature . | Additional comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Roberts [4] 1970 | Pathology | 85 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Discussed differentiating congenital BAV versus acquired |
Brandenburg et al. [37] 1983 | Echocardiography | 115 | Clock-face nomenclature: Commissures at 4–10 o’clock with raphe at 2 o’clock (R-L) Commissures at 1–6 o’clock with raphe at 10 o’clock (RN) Commissures at 3–9 o’clock without raphe (L-N) | Noted different sizes of the resulting 2 functional cusps |
Angelini et al. [31] 1989 | Pathology | 64 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Noted presence of 2 (true BAV) versus 3 sinuses |
Sabet et al. [32] 1999 | Pathology | 534 | RL RN LN Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps: equal, unequal, thirds |
Sievers and Schmidtke [34] 2007 | Pathology | 304 | Type 0 (no raphe): anteroposterior or lateral cusps (true BAV) Type 1 (1 raphe): R-L, RN, L-N Type 2 (2 raphes): L-R, RN | Noted type 2 morphology associated with more aortic aneurysms |
Schaefer et al. [33] 2008 | Echocardiography | 186 | Type 1: RL Type 2: RN Type 3: LN Presence of raphe Aorta: Type N: normal shape Type E: sinus effacement Type A: ascending aorta dilatation | Noted type 1 BAV was associated with type N aorta with dilated root Noted type 2 BAV associated with type A aorta |
Kang et al. [30] 2013 | Computed tomography | 167 | Anteroposterior orientation: type 1: R-L with raphe type; 2: R-L without raphe Right–left orientation: Type 3: RN with raphe Type 4: L-N with raphe Type 5: symmetrical cusps with 1 coronary artery originating from each cusp Aorta: Type 0: normal Type 1: dilated root Type 2: dilated ascending aorta Type 3: diffuse involvement of the ascending aorta and arch | Noted AS and type 3 aorta more commonly in right–left orientation and AR and type N aorta more commonly in anteroposterior orientation |
Michelena et al. [2] 2014 | Echocardiography | Multiple studies | BAVCon nomenclature: Type 1: R-L Type 2: RN Type 3: L-N Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps and presence of 2 (true BAV) or 3 sinuses Noted predominant ascending aorta dilatation in all BAV and the existence of ‘root phenotype’ |
Jilaihawi et al. [35] 2016 | Computed tomography | 130 | Tricommissural: functional or acquired bicuspidity of a trileaflet valve Bicommissural with raphe Bicommissural without raphe | Noted no association between nomenclature and TAVR complications |
Sun et al. [36] 2017 | Echocardiography | 681 | Dichotomous nomenclature: R-L Mixed: (RN or L-N) | Noted mixed phenotype was associated with AS and surgery of the aorta Good interobserver variability of phenotypes |
Murphy et al. [38] 2017 | Cardiac magnetic resonance | 386 | Clock-face nomenclature: Type 0: partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 1: RN, RL, LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 2: RL and RN, RL and LN, RN and LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? | Noted partial fusion and/or eccentric leaflet |
| Author and year . | Type of study . | Number of patients . | Nomenclature . | Additional comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Roberts [4] 1970 | Pathology | 85 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Discussed differentiating congenital BAV versus acquired |
Brandenburg et al. [37] 1983 | Echocardiography | 115 | Clock-face nomenclature: Commissures at 4–10 o’clock with raphe at 2 o’clock (R-L) Commissures at 1–6 o’clock with raphe at 10 o’clock (RN) Commissures at 3–9 o’clock without raphe (L-N) | Noted different sizes of the resulting 2 functional cusps |
Angelini et al. [31] 1989 | Pathology | 64 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Noted presence of 2 (true BAV) versus 3 sinuses |
Sabet et al. [32] 1999 | Pathology | 534 | RL RN LN Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps: equal, unequal, thirds |
Sievers and Schmidtke [34] 2007 | Pathology | 304 | Type 0 (no raphe): anteroposterior or lateral cusps (true BAV) Type 1 (1 raphe): R-L, RN, L-N Type 2 (2 raphes): L-R, RN | Noted type 2 morphology associated with more aortic aneurysms |
Schaefer et al. [33] 2008 | Echocardiography | 186 | Type 1: RL Type 2: RN Type 3: LN Presence of raphe Aorta: Type N: normal shape Type E: sinus effacement Type A: ascending aorta dilatation | Noted type 1 BAV was associated with type N aorta with dilated root Noted type 2 BAV associated with type A aorta |
Kang et al. [30] 2013 | Computed tomography | 167 | Anteroposterior orientation: type 1: R-L with raphe type; 2: R-L without raphe Right–left orientation: Type 3: RN with raphe Type 4: L-N with raphe Type 5: symmetrical cusps with 1 coronary artery originating from each cusp Aorta: Type 0: normal Type 1: dilated root Type 2: dilated ascending aorta Type 3: diffuse involvement of the ascending aorta and arch | Noted AS and type 3 aorta more commonly in right–left orientation and AR and type N aorta more commonly in anteroposterior orientation |
Michelena et al. [2] 2014 | Echocardiography | Multiple studies | BAVCon nomenclature: Type 1: R-L Type 2: RN Type 3: L-N Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps and presence of 2 (true BAV) or 3 sinuses Noted predominant ascending aorta dilatation in all BAV and the existence of ‘root phenotype’ |
Jilaihawi et al. [35] 2016 | Computed tomography | 130 | Tricommissural: functional or acquired bicuspidity of a trileaflet valve Bicommissural with raphe Bicommissural without raphe | Noted no association between nomenclature and TAVR complications |
Sun et al. [36] 2017 | Echocardiography | 681 | Dichotomous nomenclature: R-L Mixed: (RN or L-N) | Noted mixed phenotype was associated with AS and surgery of the aorta Good interobserver variability of phenotypes |
Murphy et al. [38] 2017 | Cardiac magnetic resonance | 386 | Clock-face nomenclature: Type 0: partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 1: RN, RL, LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 2: RL and RN, RL and LN, RN and LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? | Noted partial fusion and/or eccentric leaflet |
AR: aortic regurgitation; AS: aortic stenosis; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; BAVCon: bicuspid aortic valve consortium; LN: left non-coronary fusion; RL: right–left fusion; RN: right non-coronary fusion; TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
| Author and year . | Type of study . | Number of patients . | Nomenclature . | Additional comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Roberts [4] 1970 | Pathology | 85 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Discussed differentiating congenital BAV versus acquired |
Brandenburg et al. [37] 1983 | Echocardiography | 115 | Clock-face nomenclature: Commissures at 4–10 o’clock with raphe at 2 o’clock (R-L) Commissures at 1–6 o’clock with raphe at 10 o’clock (RN) Commissures at 3–9 o’clock without raphe (L-N) | Noted different sizes of the resulting 2 functional cusps |
Angelini et al. [31] 1989 | Pathology | 64 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Noted presence of 2 (true BAV) versus 3 sinuses |
Sabet et al. [32] 1999 | Pathology | 534 | RL RN LN Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps: equal, unequal, thirds |
Sievers and Schmidtke [34] 2007 | Pathology | 304 | Type 0 (no raphe): anteroposterior or lateral cusps (true BAV) Type 1 (1 raphe): R-L, RN, L-N Type 2 (2 raphes): L-R, RN | Noted type 2 morphology associated with more aortic aneurysms |
Schaefer et al. [33] 2008 | Echocardiography | 186 | Type 1: RL Type 2: RN Type 3: LN Presence of raphe Aorta: Type N: normal shape Type E: sinus effacement Type A: ascending aorta dilatation | Noted type 1 BAV was associated with type N aorta with dilated root Noted type 2 BAV associated with type A aorta |
Kang et al. [30] 2013 | Computed tomography | 167 | Anteroposterior orientation: type 1: R-L with raphe type; 2: R-L without raphe Right–left orientation: Type 3: RN with raphe Type 4: L-N with raphe Type 5: symmetrical cusps with 1 coronary artery originating from each cusp Aorta: Type 0: normal Type 1: dilated root Type 2: dilated ascending aorta Type 3: diffuse involvement of the ascending aorta and arch | Noted AS and type 3 aorta more commonly in right–left orientation and AR and type N aorta more commonly in anteroposterior orientation |
Michelena et al. [2] 2014 | Echocardiography | Multiple studies | BAVCon nomenclature: Type 1: R-L Type 2: RN Type 3: L-N Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps and presence of 2 (true BAV) or 3 sinuses Noted predominant ascending aorta dilatation in all BAV and the existence of ‘root phenotype’ |
Jilaihawi et al. [35] 2016 | Computed tomography | 130 | Tricommissural: functional or acquired bicuspidity of a trileaflet valve Bicommissural with raphe Bicommissural without raphe | Noted no association between nomenclature and TAVR complications |
Sun et al. [36] 2017 | Echocardiography | 681 | Dichotomous nomenclature: R-L Mixed: (RN or L-N) | Noted mixed phenotype was associated with AS and surgery of the aorta Good interobserver variability of phenotypes |
Murphy et al. [38] 2017 | Cardiac magnetic resonance | 386 | Clock-face nomenclature: Type 0: partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 1: RN, RL, LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 2: RL and RN, RL and LN, RN and LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? | Noted partial fusion and/or eccentric leaflet |
| Author and year . | Type of study . | Number of patients . | Nomenclature . | Additional comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Roberts [4] 1970 | Pathology | 85 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Discussed differentiating congenital BAV versus acquired |
Brandenburg et al. [37] 1983 | Echocardiography | 115 | Clock-face nomenclature: Commissures at 4–10 o’clock with raphe at 2 o’clock (R-L) Commissures at 1–6 o’clock with raphe at 10 o’clock (RN) Commissures at 3–9 o’clock without raphe (L-N) | Noted different sizes of the resulting 2 functional cusps |
Angelini et al. [31] 1989 | Pathology | 64 | Anterior–posterior cusps Right–left cusps Presence of raphe | Noted presence of 2 (true BAV) versus 3 sinuses |
Sabet et al. [32] 1999 | Pathology | 534 | RL RN LN Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps: equal, unequal, thirds |
Sievers and Schmidtke [34] 2007 | Pathology | 304 | Type 0 (no raphe): anteroposterior or lateral cusps (true BAV) Type 1 (1 raphe): R-L, RN, L-N Type 2 (2 raphes): L-R, RN | Noted type 2 morphology associated with more aortic aneurysms |
Schaefer et al. [33] 2008 | Echocardiography | 186 | Type 1: RL Type 2: RN Type 3: LN Presence of raphe Aorta: Type N: normal shape Type E: sinus effacement Type A: ascending aorta dilatation | Noted type 1 BAV was associated with type N aorta with dilated root Noted type 2 BAV associated with type A aorta |
Kang et al. [30] 2013 | Computed tomography | 167 | Anteroposterior orientation: type 1: R-L with raphe type; 2: R-L without raphe Right–left orientation: Type 3: RN with raphe Type 4: L-N with raphe Type 5: symmetrical cusps with 1 coronary artery originating from each cusp Aorta: Type 0: normal Type 1: dilated root Type 2: dilated ascending aorta Type 3: diffuse involvement of the ascending aorta and arch | Noted AS and type 3 aorta more commonly in right–left orientation and AR and type N aorta more commonly in anteroposterior orientation |
Michelena et al. [2] 2014 | Echocardiography | Multiple studies | BAVCon nomenclature: Type 1: R-L Type 2: RN Type 3: L-N Presence of raphe | Noted symmetry of cusps and presence of 2 (true BAV) or 3 sinuses Noted predominant ascending aorta dilatation in all BAV and the existence of ‘root phenotype’ |
Jilaihawi et al. [35] 2016 | Computed tomography | 130 | Tricommissural: functional or acquired bicuspidity of a trileaflet valve Bicommissural with raphe Bicommissural without raphe | Noted no association between nomenclature and TAVR complications |
Sun et al. [36] 2017 | Echocardiography | 681 | Dichotomous nomenclature: R-L Mixed: (RN or L-N) | Noted mixed phenotype was associated with AS and surgery of the aorta Good interobserver variability of phenotypes |
Murphy et al. [38] 2017 | Cardiac magnetic resonance | 386 | Clock-face nomenclature: Type 0: partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 1: RN, RL, LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? Type 2: RL and RN, RL and LN, RN and LN partial fusion/eccentric leaflet? | Noted partial fusion and/or eccentric leaflet |
AR: aortic regurgitation; AS: aortic stenosis; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; BAVCon: bicuspid aortic valve consortium; LN: left non-coronary fusion; RL: right–left fusion; RN: right non-coronary fusion; TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
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