Results of generalized linear model analysis using a binomial distribution of Red-winged Blackbird responses (alarm-call and flight). Values represent results of generalized linear models with the fixed-wing set as the reference (i.e. the intercept). We conducted trials in Cass County, North Dakota, USA, between August and September, 2017.
| Effect . | Model estimate . | SE . | Z . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarm call (n = 56) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 5.49 | 3.27 | 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Predator model | 2.54 | 1.05 | 2.4 | 0.02 |
| Overhead approach | –2.21 | 1.24 | –1.8 | 0.07 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.001 | <0.01 | –0.6 | 0.55 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.42 | 0.24 | –1.8 | 0.08 |
| Predator model x overhead approach | –1.05 | 1.60 | –0.7 | 0.51 |
| Flight (n = 26) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 4.85 | 4.09 | 1.2 | 0.24 |
| Predator model | 0.34 | 0.89 | 0.4 | 0.71 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.005 | <0.01 | –2.1 | 0.04 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.17 | 0.27 | –0.6 | 0.53 |
| Effect . | Model estimate . | SE . | Z . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarm call (n = 56) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 5.49 | 3.27 | 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Predator model | 2.54 | 1.05 | 2.4 | 0.02 |
| Overhead approach | –2.21 | 1.24 | –1.8 | 0.07 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.001 | <0.01 | –0.6 | 0.55 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.42 | 0.24 | –1.8 | 0.08 |
| Predator model x overhead approach | –1.05 | 1.60 | –0.7 | 0.51 |
| Flight (n = 26) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 4.85 | 4.09 | 1.2 | 0.24 |
| Predator model | 0.34 | 0.89 | 0.4 | 0.71 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.005 | <0.01 | –2.1 | 0.04 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.17 | 0.27 | –0.6 | 0.53 |
Results of generalized linear model analysis using a binomial distribution of Red-winged Blackbird responses (alarm-call and flight). Values represent results of generalized linear models with the fixed-wing set as the reference (i.e. the intercept). We conducted trials in Cass County, North Dakota, USA, between August and September, 2017.
| Effect . | Model estimate . | SE . | Z . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarm call (n = 56) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 5.49 | 3.27 | 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Predator model | 2.54 | 1.05 | 2.4 | 0.02 |
| Overhead approach | –2.21 | 1.24 | –1.8 | 0.07 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.001 | <0.01 | –0.6 | 0.55 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.42 | 0.24 | –1.8 | 0.08 |
| Predator model x overhead approach | –1.05 | 1.60 | –0.7 | 0.51 |
| Flight (n = 26) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 4.85 | 4.09 | 1.2 | 0.24 |
| Predator model | 0.34 | 0.89 | 0.4 | 0.71 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.005 | <0.01 | –2.1 | 0.04 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.17 | 0.27 | –0.6 | 0.53 |
| Effect . | Model estimate . | SE . | Z . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarm call (n = 56) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 5.49 | 3.27 | 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Predator model | 2.54 | 1.05 | 2.4 | 0.02 |
| Overhead approach | –2.21 | 1.24 | –1.8 | 0.07 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.001 | <0.01 | –0.6 | 0.55 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.42 | 0.24 | –1.8 | 0.08 |
| Predator model x overhead approach | –1.05 | 1.60 | –0.7 | 0.51 |
| Flight (n = 26) | ||||
| (Intercept) | 4.85 | 4.09 | 1.2 | 0.24 |
| Predator model | 0.34 | 0.89 | 0.4 | 0.71 |
| Ambient light intensity (µmol m–2 s–1) | –0.005 | <0.01 | –2.1 | 0.04 |
| Drone speed (m s–1) | –0.17 | 0.27 | –0.6 | 0.53 |
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
