Association of patient characteristics with antimicrobial prescription rate among infants hospitalized in Dhaka, Bangladesh (N = 448)
| Patient characteristic . | Admissions, n (%) . | At least one antimicrobial prescribed, n (%a) . | Antimicrobial prescription rate (drugs per infant per day) . | Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 448 (100) | 329 (73) | 0.25 (0.24–0.27) | — | — |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 251 (56) | 187 (75) | 0.27 (0.24–0.29) | Ref | |
| Male | 197 (44) | 142 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.14 |
| Age | |||||
| 0 to ≤28 days | 195 (44) | 134 (69) | 0.27 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| 29 days to 3 months of age | 39 (9) | 32 (82) | 0.25 (0.18–0.36) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.52 |
| 3–12 months of age | 214 (48) | 163 (76) | 0.23 (0.18–0.30) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| No | 387 (86) | 285 (74) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | Ref | |
| Yes | 61 (14) | 44 (72) | 0.25 (0.16–0.41) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.86 |
| Low birth weightb | |||||
| No | 193 (73) | 136 (70) | 0.24 (0.21–0.27) | Ref | |
| Yes | 70 (27) | 44 (63) | 0.21 (0.15–0.31) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.38 |
| Small for gestational ageb | |||||
| No | 136 (52) | 96 (71) | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | Ref | |
| Yes | 127 (48) | 84 (66) | 0.22 (0.16–0.31) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.46 |
| Duration of admission | |||||
| Below median (5 days) | 220 (49) | 121 (55) | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) | Ref | |
| At or above median (5 days) | 228 (51) | 208 (91) | 0.22 (0.17–0.29) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Below median (0.035) | 225 (50) | 170 (76) | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | Ref | |
| At or above median (0.035) | 223 (50) | 159 (71) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.65 |
| Maternal education level | |||||
| No schooling | 21 (5) | 14 (67) | 0.21 (0.16–0.28) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 100 (22) | 74 (74) | 0.24 (0.13–0.44) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.95 |
| Primary complete | 71 (16) | 50 (70) | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.41 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 113 (72) | 0.27 (0.15–0.47) | 1.24 (0.92–1.69) | 0.16 |
| Secondary complete | 100 (22) | 78 (78) | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.06 |
| Maternal employmentc | |||||
| Homemaker | 410 (92) | 297 (72) | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | Ref | |
| Employed | 36 (8) | 30 (83) | 0.28 (0.22–0.36) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.23 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| Below median (22 years) | 189 (42) | 143 (76) | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| At or above median (22 years) | 259 (58) | 186 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Paternal education | |||||
| No schooling | 23 (5) | 17 (74) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 69 (15) | 52 (75) | 0.26 (0.14–0.47) | 1.38 (0.87–2.04) | 0.15 |
| Primary complete | 58 (13) | 44 (76) | 0.29 (0.16–0.53) | 1.57 (1.01–2.44) | 0.04 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 115 (74) | 0.26 (0.14–0.46) | 1.39 (0.92–2.08) | 0.12 |
| Secondary complete | 101 (23) | 73 (72) | 0.25 (0.14–0.44) | 1.34 (0.87–2.04) | 0.18 |
| Unknown/missing | 41 (9) | 28 (68) | 0.23 (0.12–0.46) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.35 |
| Paternal employmentd | |||||
| Jobless | 15 (3) | 12 (80) | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | Ref | |
| Day labourer or rickshaw driver | 60 (13) | 39 (65) | 0.20 (0.10–0.40) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.10 |
| Private business owner or professional | 139 (31) | 96 (69) | 0.26 (0.13–0.49) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.72 |
| Salaried job | 214 (48) | 168 (79) | 0.27 (0.14–0.51) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.91 |
| Other | 17 (4) | 12 (71) | 0.23 (0.10–0.54) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.52 |
| Patient characteristic . | Admissions, n (%) . | At least one antimicrobial prescribed, n (%a) . | Antimicrobial prescription rate (drugs per infant per day) . | Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 448 (100) | 329 (73) | 0.25 (0.24–0.27) | — | — |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 251 (56) | 187 (75) | 0.27 (0.24–0.29) | Ref | |
| Male | 197 (44) | 142 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.14 |
| Age | |||||
| 0 to ≤28 days | 195 (44) | 134 (69) | 0.27 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| 29 days to 3 months of age | 39 (9) | 32 (82) | 0.25 (0.18–0.36) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.52 |
| 3–12 months of age | 214 (48) | 163 (76) | 0.23 (0.18–0.30) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| No | 387 (86) | 285 (74) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | Ref | |
| Yes | 61 (14) | 44 (72) | 0.25 (0.16–0.41) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.86 |
| Low birth weightb | |||||
| No | 193 (73) | 136 (70) | 0.24 (0.21–0.27) | Ref | |
| Yes | 70 (27) | 44 (63) | 0.21 (0.15–0.31) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.38 |
| Small for gestational ageb | |||||
| No | 136 (52) | 96 (71) | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | Ref | |
| Yes | 127 (48) | 84 (66) | 0.22 (0.16–0.31) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.46 |
| Duration of admission | |||||
| Below median (5 days) | 220 (49) | 121 (55) | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) | Ref | |
| At or above median (5 days) | 228 (51) | 208 (91) | 0.22 (0.17–0.29) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Below median (0.035) | 225 (50) | 170 (76) | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | Ref | |
| At or above median (0.035) | 223 (50) | 159 (71) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.65 |
| Maternal education level | |||||
| No schooling | 21 (5) | 14 (67) | 0.21 (0.16–0.28) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 100 (22) | 74 (74) | 0.24 (0.13–0.44) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.95 |
| Primary complete | 71 (16) | 50 (70) | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.41 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 113 (72) | 0.27 (0.15–0.47) | 1.24 (0.92–1.69) | 0.16 |
| Secondary complete | 100 (22) | 78 (78) | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.06 |
| Maternal employmentc | |||||
| Homemaker | 410 (92) | 297 (72) | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | Ref | |
| Employed | 36 (8) | 30 (83) | 0.28 (0.22–0.36) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.23 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| Below median (22 years) | 189 (42) | 143 (76) | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| At or above median (22 years) | 259 (58) | 186 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Paternal education | |||||
| No schooling | 23 (5) | 17 (74) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 69 (15) | 52 (75) | 0.26 (0.14–0.47) | 1.38 (0.87–2.04) | 0.15 |
| Primary complete | 58 (13) | 44 (76) | 0.29 (0.16–0.53) | 1.57 (1.01–2.44) | 0.04 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 115 (74) | 0.26 (0.14–0.46) | 1.39 (0.92–2.08) | 0.12 |
| Secondary complete | 101 (23) | 73 (72) | 0.25 (0.14–0.44) | 1.34 (0.87–2.04) | 0.18 |
| Unknown/missing | 41 (9) | 28 (68) | 0.23 (0.12–0.46) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.35 |
| Paternal employmentd | |||||
| Jobless | 15 (3) | 12 (80) | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | Ref | |
| Day labourer or rickshaw driver | 60 (13) | 39 (65) | 0.20 (0.10–0.40) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.10 |
| Private business owner or professional | 139 (31) | 96 (69) | 0.26 (0.13–0.49) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.72 |
| Salaried job | 214 (48) | 168 (79) | 0.27 (0.14–0.51) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.91 |
| Other | 17 (4) | 12 (71) | 0.23 (0.10–0.54) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.52 |
Percent of admissions within the listed subgroup (row).
Data were missing for 185 admissions.
Data were missing for two admissions.
Data were missing for three admissions.
Preterm birth: gestational age <37 weeks at birth.
Low birth weight: weight <2500 g at birth.
Small for gestational age: weight for gestational age z-score below the 10th percentile based on the Intergrowth 21st Neonatal Standards.
Household wealth index: higher scores indicate greater household asset ownership relative to other participants of the MDIG trial (25).
Association of patient characteristics with antimicrobial prescription rate among infants hospitalized in Dhaka, Bangladesh (N = 448)
| Patient characteristic . | Admissions, n (%) . | At least one antimicrobial prescribed, n (%a) . | Antimicrobial prescription rate (drugs per infant per day) . | Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 448 (100) | 329 (73) | 0.25 (0.24–0.27) | — | — |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 251 (56) | 187 (75) | 0.27 (0.24–0.29) | Ref | |
| Male | 197 (44) | 142 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.14 |
| Age | |||||
| 0 to ≤28 days | 195 (44) | 134 (69) | 0.27 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| 29 days to 3 months of age | 39 (9) | 32 (82) | 0.25 (0.18–0.36) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.52 |
| 3–12 months of age | 214 (48) | 163 (76) | 0.23 (0.18–0.30) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| No | 387 (86) | 285 (74) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | Ref | |
| Yes | 61 (14) | 44 (72) | 0.25 (0.16–0.41) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.86 |
| Low birth weightb | |||||
| No | 193 (73) | 136 (70) | 0.24 (0.21–0.27) | Ref | |
| Yes | 70 (27) | 44 (63) | 0.21 (0.15–0.31) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.38 |
| Small for gestational ageb | |||||
| No | 136 (52) | 96 (71) | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | Ref | |
| Yes | 127 (48) | 84 (66) | 0.22 (0.16–0.31) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.46 |
| Duration of admission | |||||
| Below median (5 days) | 220 (49) | 121 (55) | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) | Ref | |
| At or above median (5 days) | 228 (51) | 208 (91) | 0.22 (0.17–0.29) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Below median (0.035) | 225 (50) | 170 (76) | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | Ref | |
| At or above median (0.035) | 223 (50) | 159 (71) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.65 |
| Maternal education level | |||||
| No schooling | 21 (5) | 14 (67) | 0.21 (0.16–0.28) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 100 (22) | 74 (74) | 0.24 (0.13–0.44) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.95 |
| Primary complete | 71 (16) | 50 (70) | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.41 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 113 (72) | 0.27 (0.15–0.47) | 1.24 (0.92–1.69) | 0.16 |
| Secondary complete | 100 (22) | 78 (78) | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.06 |
| Maternal employmentc | |||||
| Homemaker | 410 (92) | 297 (72) | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | Ref | |
| Employed | 36 (8) | 30 (83) | 0.28 (0.22–0.36) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.23 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| Below median (22 years) | 189 (42) | 143 (76) | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| At or above median (22 years) | 259 (58) | 186 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Paternal education | |||||
| No schooling | 23 (5) | 17 (74) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 69 (15) | 52 (75) | 0.26 (0.14–0.47) | 1.38 (0.87–2.04) | 0.15 |
| Primary complete | 58 (13) | 44 (76) | 0.29 (0.16–0.53) | 1.57 (1.01–2.44) | 0.04 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 115 (74) | 0.26 (0.14–0.46) | 1.39 (0.92–2.08) | 0.12 |
| Secondary complete | 101 (23) | 73 (72) | 0.25 (0.14–0.44) | 1.34 (0.87–2.04) | 0.18 |
| Unknown/missing | 41 (9) | 28 (68) | 0.23 (0.12–0.46) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.35 |
| Paternal employmentd | |||||
| Jobless | 15 (3) | 12 (80) | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | Ref | |
| Day labourer or rickshaw driver | 60 (13) | 39 (65) | 0.20 (0.10–0.40) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.10 |
| Private business owner or professional | 139 (31) | 96 (69) | 0.26 (0.13–0.49) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.72 |
| Salaried job | 214 (48) | 168 (79) | 0.27 (0.14–0.51) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.91 |
| Other | 17 (4) | 12 (71) | 0.23 (0.10–0.54) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.52 |
| Patient characteristic . | Admissions, n (%) . | At least one antimicrobial prescribed, n (%a) . | Antimicrobial prescription rate (drugs per infant per day) . | Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 448 (100) | 329 (73) | 0.25 (0.24–0.27) | — | — |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 251 (56) | 187 (75) | 0.27 (0.24–0.29) | Ref | |
| Male | 197 (44) | 142 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.14 |
| Age | |||||
| 0 to ≤28 days | 195 (44) | 134 (69) | 0.27 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| 29 days to 3 months of age | 39 (9) | 32 (82) | 0.25 (0.18–0.36) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.52 |
| 3–12 months of age | 214 (48) | 163 (76) | 0.23 (0.18–0.30) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| No | 387 (86) | 285 (74) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | Ref | |
| Yes | 61 (14) | 44 (72) | 0.25 (0.16–0.41) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.86 |
| Low birth weightb | |||||
| No | 193 (73) | 136 (70) | 0.24 (0.21–0.27) | Ref | |
| Yes | 70 (27) | 44 (63) | 0.21 (0.15–0.31) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.38 |
| Small for gestational ageb | |||||
| No | 136 (52) | 96 (71) | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | Ref | |
| Yes | 127 (48) | 84 (66) | 0.22 (0.16–0.31) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.46 |
| Duration of admission | |||||
| Below median (5 days) | 220 (49) | 121 (55) | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) | Ref | |
| At or above median (5 days) | 228 (51) | 208 (91) | 0.22 (0.17–0.29) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Below median (0.035) | 225 (50) | 170 (76) | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | Ref | |
| At or above median (0.035) | 223 (50) | 159 (71) | 0.26 (0.20–0.33) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.65 |
| Maternal education level | |||||
| No schooling | 21 (5) | 14 (67) | 0.21 (0.16–0.28) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 100 (22) | 74 (74) | 0.24 (0.13–0.44) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.95 |
| Primary complete | 71 (16) | 50 (70) | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.41 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 113 (72) | 0.27 (0.15–0.47) | 1.24 (0.92–1.69) | 0.16 |
| Secondary complete | 100 (22) | 78 (78) | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.06 |
| Maternal employmentc | |||||
| Homemaker | 410 (92) | 297 (72) | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | Ref | |
| Employed | 36 (8) | 30 (83) | 0.28 (0.22–0.36) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.23 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| Below median (22 years) | 189 (42) | 143 (76) | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | Ref | |
| At or above median (22 years) | 259 (58) | 186 (72) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Paternal education | |||||
| No schooling | 23 (5) | 17 (74) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24) | Ref | |
| Primary incomplete | 69 (15) | 52 (75) | 0.26 (0.14–0.47) | 1.38 (0.87–2.04) | 0.15 |
| Primary complete | 58 (13) | 44 (76) | 0.29 (0.16–0.53) | 1.57 (1.01–2.44) | 0.04 |
| Secondary incomplete | 156 (35) | 115 (74) | 0.26 (0.14–0.46) | 1.39 (0.92–2.08) | 0.12 |
| Secondary complete | 101 (23) | 73 (72) | 0.25 (0.14–0.44) | 1.34 (0.87–2.04) | 0.18 |
| Unknown/missing | 41 (9) | 28 (68) | 0.23 (0.12–0.46) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.35 |
| Paternal employmentd | |||||
| Jobless | 15 (3) | 12 (80) | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | Ref | |
| Day labourer or rickshaw driver | 60 (13) | 39 (65) | 0.20 (0.10–0.40) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.10 |
| Private business owner or professional | 139 (31) | 96 (69) | 0.26 (0.13–0.49) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.72 |
| Salaried job | 214 (48) | 168 (79) | 0.27 (0.14–0.51) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.91 |
| Other | 17 (4) | 12 (71) | 0.23 (0.10–0.54) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.52 |
Percent of admissions within the listed subgroup (row).
Data were missing for 185 admissions.
Data were missing for two admissions.
Data were missing for three admissions.
Preterm birth: gestational age <37 weeks at birth.
Low birth weight: weight <2500 g at birth.
Small for gestational age: weight for gestational age z-score below the 10th percentile based on the Intergrowth 21st Neonatal Standards.
Household wealth index: higher scores indicate greater household asset ownership relative to other participants of the MDIG trial (25).
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