Table 1
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The classification of central and accessory pathways and their protein reference sources

PathwaySubpathwayRole in CyanoHABsSource‡Literature
PhotosynthesisHarvest light and fix carbon for growth
PhycobilisomeLight harvesting complexSEED[1]
CO2 concentrating mechanismCO2 concentrating for carbon fixationSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem IICapturing light, splitting water and producing oxygenSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem ICross-membrane electron transfer for energy productionSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Nutrient assimilationNitrogenAssimilate nitrogen for growth
 AmmoniaAssimilable nitrogenCB[3]
 Nitrate/NitriteNitrogen source for ammoniaCB[4, 5]
 N2 fixationProducing ammoniaCB[6]
 UreaProducing ammoniaCB[7]
PhosphorusAssimilate phosphorus for growth
 PhosphateInorganic phosphorusHB[8]
 Glycerol-3-phosphateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 Glycerophosphoryl diestersOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 PhosphonateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
SulfurAssimilate sulfur for growth
 Sulfate/thiosulfateInorganic sulfurHB[10–12]
 SulfonateOrganic sulfurHB[10, 13]
OrganicsAssimilate small-molecule organic carbon or nitrogen for growth
 Simple sugarsOrganic carbonHB[14, 15]
 N-acetyl glucosamineOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[16, 17]
 Amino acidsOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[18–22]
Trace metalAssimilate cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteins for growth
 MnO42-Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23, 24]
 Cu2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[25]
 Mn2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23]
 Mg2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[26]
 Fe3+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB/CB[27][28, 29]
 Ni2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[30]
VitaminCoenzymes
 ThiamineCoenzymesHB[31]
 RiboflavinCoenzymesHB[32–34]
 NiacinCoenzymesHB[35]
 BiotinCoenzymesHB[35]
 FolateCoenzymesHB[36, 37]
 CobalaminCoenzymesHB[38]
Stress resistanceHeavy metalPhotosynthesisInhibit growth
 Cu+Inducing oxygenic speciesHB[39–41]
 CrO42+Mutagenic effectsHB[39–41]
 Ni2+Inhibiting enzymes and causing oxidative stressHB[39–41]
 Zn2+Interfering metal uptakeHB[39–41]
 Zn2+/ Co2+/Cd2+Interfering with metal storageHB[39–41]
MultidrugInhibit growthHB[42–44]
Antibiotics/InhibitorsInterfering with key biological processesHB[42–44]
UV radiationDNA damage, photosynthesis damageCB[45]
Toxin prossssductionAgainst predationCB[46–51]
Low temperatureResist low temperatures
(Poly-) unsaturated fatty acidsIncreasing membrane fluidityHB/CB[52–54]
Buoyancy regulationPosition cells in water column for better resource for growthCB[55]
OsmoprotectantMaintain osmotic homeostasisHB/CB[1, 2]
Redox balanceResist oxidative stressHB/CB[1, 2]
PathwaySubpathwayRole in CyanoHABsSource‡Literature
PhotosynthesisHarvest light and fix carbon for growth
PhycobilisomeLight harvesting complexSEED[1]
CO2 concentrating mechanismCO2 concentrating for carbon fixationSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem IICapturing light, splitting water and producing oxygenSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem ICross-membrane electron transfer for energy productionSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Nutrient assimilationNitrogenAssimilate nitrogen for growth
 AmmoniaAssimilable nitrogenCB[3]
 Nitrate/NitriteNitrogen source for ammoniaCB[4, 5]
 N2 fixationProducing ammoniaCB[6]
 UreaProducing ammoniaCB[7]
PhosphorusAssimilate phosphorus for growth
 PhosphateInorganic phosphorusHB[8]
 Glycerol-3-phosphateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 Glycerophosphoryl diestersOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 PhosphonateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
SulfurAssimilate sulfur for growth
 Sulfate/thiosulfateInorganic sulfurHB[10–12]
 SulfonateOrganic sulfurHB[10, 13]
OrganicsAssimilate small-molecule organic carbon or nitrogen for growth
 Simple sugarsOrganic carbonHB[14, 15]
 N-acetyl glucosamineOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[16, 17]
 Amino acidsOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[18–22]
Trace metalAssimilate cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteins for growth
 MnO42-Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23, 24]
 Cu2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[25]
 Mn2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23]
 Mg2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[26]
 Fe3+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB/CB[27][28, 29]
 Ni2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[30]
VitaminCoenzymes
 ThiamineCoenzymesHB[31]
 RiboflavinCoenzymesHB[32–34]
 NiacinCoenzymesHB[35]
 BiotinCoenzymesHB[35]
 FolateCoenzymesHB[36, 37]
 CobalaminCoenzymesHB[38]
Stress resistanceHeavy metalPhotosynthesisInhibit growth
 Cu+Inducing oxygenic speciesHB[39–41]
 CrO42+Mutagenic effectsHB[39–41]
 Ni2+Inhibiting enzymes and causing oxidative stressHB[39–41]
 Zn2+Interfering metal uptakeHB[39–41]
 Zn2+/ Co2+/Cd2+Interfering with metal storageHB[39–41]
MultidrugInhibit growthHB[42–44]
Antibiotics/InhibitorsInterfering with key biological processesHB[42–44]
UV radiationDNA damage, photosynthesis damageCB[45]
Toxin prossssductionAgainst predationCB[46–51]
Low temperatureResist low temperatures
(Poly-) unsaturated fatty acidsIncreasing membrane fluidityHB/CB[52–54]
Buoyancy regulationPosition cells in water column for better resource for growthCB[55]
OsmoprotectantMaintain osmotic homeostasisHB/CB[1, 2]
Redox balanceResist oxidative stressHB/CB[1, 2]

‡CB: cyanobacteria; HB: heterotrophic bacteria; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; SEED: the SEED genome annotation database; TCDB: Transporter Classification Database.

Table 1
Open in new tab

The classification of central and accessory pathways and their protein reference sources

PathwaySubpathwayRole in CyanoHABsSource‡Literature
PhotosynthesisHarvest light and fix carbon for growth
PhycobilisomeLight harvesting complexSEED[1]
CO2 concentrating mechanismCO2 concentrating for carbon fixationSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem IICapturing light, splitting water and producing oxygenSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem ICross-membrane electron transfer for energy productionSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Nutrient assimilationNitrogenAssimilate nitrogen for growth
 AmmoniaAssimilable nitrogenCB[3]
 Nitrate/NitriteNitrogen source for ammoniaCB[4, 5]
 N2 fixationProducing ammoniaCB[6]
 UreaProducing ammoniaCB[7]
PhosphorusAssimilate phosphorus for growth
 PhosphateInorganic phosphorusHB[8]
 Glycerol-3-phosphateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 Glycerophosphoryl diestersOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 PhosphonateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
SulfurAssimilate sulfur for growth
 Sulfate/thiosulfateInorganic sulfurHB[10–12]
 SulfonateOrganic sulfurHB[10, 13]
OrganicsAssimilate small-molecule organic carbon or nitrogen for growth
 Simple sugarsOrganic carbonHB[14, 15]
 N-acetyl glucosamineOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[16, 17]
 Amino acidsOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[18–22]
Trace metalAssimilate cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteins for growth
 MnO42-Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23, 24]
 Cu2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[25]
 Mn2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23]
 Mg2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[26]
 Fe3+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB/CB[27][28, 29]
 Ni2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[30]
VitaminCoenzymes
 ThiamineCoenzymesHB[31]
 RiboflavinCoenzymesHB[32–34]
 NiacinCoenzymesHB[35]
 BiotinCoenzymesHB[35]
 FolateCoenzymesHB[36, 37]
 CobalaminCoenzymesHB[38]
Stress resistanceHeavy metalPhotosynthesisInhibit growth
 Cu+Inducing oxygenic speciesHB[39–41]
 CrO42+Mutagenic effectsHB[39–41]
 Ni2+Inhibiting enzymes and causing oxidative stressHB[39–41]
 Zn2+Interfering metal uptakeHB[39–41]
 Zn2+/ Co2+/Cd2+Interfering with metal storageHB[39–41]
MultidrugInhibit growthHB[42–44]
Antibiotics/InhibitorsInterfering with key biological processesHB[42–44]
UV radiationDNA damage, photosynthesis damageCB[45]
Toxin prossssductionAgainst predationCB[46–51]
Low temperatureResist low temperatures
(Poly-) unsaturated fatty acidsIncreasing membrane fluidityHB/CB[52–54]
Buoyancy regulationPosition cells in water column for better resource for growthCB[55]
OsmoprotectantMaintain osmotic homeostasisHB/CB[1, 2]
Redox balanceResist oxidative stressHB/CB[1, 2]
PathwaySubpathwayRole in CyanoHABsSource‡Literature
PhotosynthesisHarvest light and fix carbon for growth
PhycobilisomeLight harvesting complexSEED[1]
CO2 concentrating mechanismCO2 concentrating for carbon fixationSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem IICapturing light, splitting water and producing oxygenSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Photosystem ICross-membrane electron transfer for energy productionSEED KEGG[1, 2]
Nutrient assimilationNitrogenAssimilate nitrogen for growth
 AmmoniaAssimilable nitrogenCB[3]
 Nitrate/NitriteNitrogen source for ammoniaCB[4, 5]
 N2 fixationProducing ammoniaCB[6]
 UreaProducing ammoniaCB[7]
PhosphorusAssimilate phosphorus for growth
 PhosphateInorganic phosphorusHB[8]
 Glycerol-3-phosphateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 Glycerophosphoryl diestersOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
 PhosphonateOrganic phosphorusHB[9]
SulfurAssimilate sulfur for growth
 Sulfate/thiosulfateInorganic sulfurHB[10–12]
 SulfonateOrganic sulfurHB[10, 13]
OrganicsAssimilate small-molecule organic carbon or nitrogen for growth
 Simple sugarsOrganic carbonHB[14, 15]
 N-acetyl glucosamineOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[16, 17]
 Amino acidsOrganic carbon and nitrogenHB[18–22]
Trace metalAssimilate cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteins for growth
 MnO42-Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23, 24]
 Cu2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[25]
 Mn2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[23]
 Mg2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[26]
 Fe3+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB/CB[27][28, 29]
 Ni2+Cofactors of enzymes and metalloproteinsHB[30]
VitaminCoenzymes
 ThiamineCoenzymesHB[31]
 RiboflavinCoenzymesHB[32–34]
 NiacinCoenzymesHB[35]
 BiotinCoenzymesHB[35]
 FolateCoenzymesHB[36, 37]
 CobalaminCoenzymesHB[38]
Stress resistanceHeavy metalPhotosynthesisInhibit growth
 Cu+Inducing oxygenic speciesHB[39–41]
 CrO42+Mutagenic effectsHB[39–41]
 Ni2+Inhibiting enzymes and causing oxidative stressHB[39–41]
 Zn2+Interfering metal uptakeHB[39–41]
 Zn2+/ Co2+/Cd2+Interfering with metal storageHB[39–41]
MultidrugInhibit growthHB[42–44]
Antibiotics/InhibitorsInterfering with key biological processesHB[42–44]
UV radiationDNA damage, photosynthesis damageCB[45]
Toxin prossssductionAgainst predationCB[46–51]
Low temperatureResist low temperatures
(Poly-) unsaturated fatty acidsIncreasing membrane fluidityHB/CB[52–54]
Buoyancy regulationPosition cells in water column for better resource for growthCB[55]
OsmoprotectantMaintain osmotic homeostasisHB/CB[1, 2]
Redox balanceResist oxidative stressHB/CB[1, 2]

‡CB: cyanobacteria; HB: heterotrophic bacteria; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; SEED: the SEED genome annotation database; TCDB: Transporter Classification Database.

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