Baseline Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Change by Life Course Socioeconomic Mobility Groupsa
| Socioeconomic mobility group . | Effects of social mobility group on baseline cognition and change . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | ELSA . | HRS . | ||
| . | Childhood SEP . | Education . | Wealth . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . |
| Baseline cognition | |||||||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.819*** (0.561, 1.077) | 951 | −0.155* (−0.276, −0.035) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 1.598*** (1.285, 1.911) | 441 | 1.672*** (1.517, 1.828) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 1.255*** (0.983, 1.527) | 466 | 1.352*** (1.220, 1.484) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 1.026*** (0.756, 1.297) | 848 | 1.030*** (0.897, 1.162) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.230* (0.021, 0.438) | 411 | 1.106*** (0.988, 1.225) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 1.740*** (1.522, 1.959) | 288 | 2.226*** (2.106, 2.347) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 1.979*** (1.760, 2.199) | 831 | 2.240*** (2.124, 2.355) | 3,390 |
| Decline per year | −0.133***(−0.149, −0.118) | 6,008 | −0.158***(−0.167, −0.149) | 23,229 | |||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | 1,772 | Ref. | 4,998 |
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.012 (−0.019, 0.042) | 951 | 0.000 (−0.013, 0.013) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 0.014 (−0.029, 0.050) | 441 | 0.004 (−0.013, 0.021) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 0.021 (−0.011, 0.053) | 466 | 0.029*** (0.012, 0.045) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 0.059*** (0.026, 0.091) | 848 | −0.020*** (−0.033, −0.006) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.076*** (0.051, 0.100) | 411 | −0.022* (−0.034, −0.009) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 0.073*** (0.048, 0.098) | 288 | −0.015* (−0.028, −0.002) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 0.091*** (0.065, 0.116) | 831 | −0.004 (−0.016, 0.001) | 3,390 |
| Socioeconomic mobility group . | Effects of social mobility group on baseline cognition and change . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | ELSA . | HRS . | ||
| . | Childhood SEP . | Education . | Wealth . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . |
| Baseline cognition | |||||||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.819*** (0.561, 1.077) | 951 | −0.155* (−0.276, −0.035) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 1.598*** (1.285, 1.911) | 441 | 1.672*** (1.517, 1.828) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 1.255*** (0.983, 1.527) | 466 | 1.352*** (1.220, 1.484) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 1.026*** (0.756, 1.297) | 848 | 1.030*** (0.897, 1.162) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.230* (0.021, 0.438) | 411 | 1.106*** (0.988, 1.225) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 1.740*** (1.522, 1.959) | 288 | 2.226*** (2.106, 2.347) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 1.979*** (1.760, 2.199) | 831 | 2.240*** (2.124, 2.355) | 3,390 |
| Decline per year | −0.133***(−0.149, −0.118) | 6,008 | −0.158***(−0.167, −0.149) | 23,229 | |||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | 1,772 | Ref. | 4,998 |
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.012 (−0.019, 0.042) | 951 | 0.000 (−0.013, 0.013) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 0.014 (−0.029, 0.050) | 441 | 0.004 (−0.013, 0.021) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 0.021 (−0.011, 0.053) | 466 | 0.029*** (0.012, 0.045) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 0.059*** (0.026, 0.091) | 848 | −0.020*** (−0.033, −0.006) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.076*** (0.051, 0.100) | 411 | −0.022* (−0.034, −0.009) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 0.073*** (0.048, 0.098) | 288 | −0.015* (−0.028, −0.002) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 0.091*** (0.065, 0.116) | 831 | −0.004 (−0.016, 0.001) | 3,390 |
Notes: SEP = socioeconomic position.
aModels fit with STATA 14.2 without sampling weights using ELSA: n = 6,008 with D = 33,890; HRS: n = 23,229 with D = 118,503. Adjusted for age, sex, birth cohort (centered at 1930), race/ethnicity, marital/partner status, and practice effect.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Baseline Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Change by Life Course Socioeconomic Mobility Groupsa
| Socioeconomic mobility group . | Effects of social mobility group on baseline cognition and change . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | ELSA . | HRS . | ||
| . | Childhood SEP . | Education . | Wealth . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . |
| Baseline cognition | |||||||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.819*** (0.561, 1.077) | 951 | −0.155* (−0.276, −0.035) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 1.598*** (1.285, 1.911) | 441 | 1.672*** (1.517, 1.828) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 1.255*** (0.983, 1.527) | 466 | 1.352*** (1.220, 1.484) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 1.026*** (0.756, 1.297) | 848 | 1.030*** (0.897, 1.162) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.230* (0.021, 0.438) | 411 | 1.106*** (0.988, 1.225) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 1.740*** (1.522, 1.959) | 288 | 2.226*** (2.106, 2.347) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 1.979*** (1.760, 2.199) | 831 | 2.240*** (2.124, 2.355) | 3,390 |
| Decline per year | −0.133***(−0.149, −0.118) | 6,008 | −0.158***(−0.167, −0.149) | 23,229 | |||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | 1,772 | Ref. | 4,998 |
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.012 (−0.019, 0.042) | 951 | 0.000 (−0.013, 0.013) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 0.014 (−0.029, 0.050) | 441 | 0.004 (−0.013, 0.021) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 0.021 (−0.011, 0.053) | 466 | 0.029*** (0.012, 0.045) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 0.059*** (0.026, 0.091) | 848 | −0.020*** (−0.033, −0.006) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.076*** (0.051, 0.100) | 411 | −0.022* (−0.034, −0.009) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 0.073*** (0.048, 0.098) | 288 | −0.015* (−0.028, −0.002) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 0.091*** (0.065, 0.116) | 831 | −0.004 (−0.016, 0.001) | 3,390 |
| Socioeconomic mobility group . | Effects of social mobility group on baseline cognition and change . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | ELSA . | HRS . | ||
| . | Childhood SEP . | Education . | Wealth . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . | Coefficient (CI) . | n . |
| Baseline cognition | |||||||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.819*** (0.561, 1.077) | 951 | −0.155* (−0.276, −0.035) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 1.598*** (1.285, 1.911) | 441 | 1.672*** (1.517, 1.828) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 1.255*** (0.983, 1.527) | 466 | 1.352*** (1.220, 1.484) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 1.026*** (0.756, 1.297) | 848 | 1.030*** (0.897, 1.162) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.230* (0.021, 0.438) | 411 | 1.106*** (0.988, 1.225) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 1.740*** (1.522, 1.959) | 288 | 2.226*** (2.106, 2.347) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 1.979*** (1.760, 2.199) | 831 | 2.240*** (2.124, 2.355) | 3,390 |
| Decline per year | −0.133***(−0.149, −0.118) | 6,008 | −0.158***(−0.167, −0.149) | 23,229 | |||
| Stable low | Low | Low | Low | Ref. | 1,772 | Ref. | 4,998 |
| Downward | High | Low | Low | 0.012 (−0.019, 0.042) | 951 | 0.000 (−0.013, 0.013) | 3,154 |
| High | High | Low | 0.014 (−0.029, 0.050) | 441 | 0.004 (−0.013, 0.021) | 2,267 | |
| Varied | Low | High | Low | 0.021 (−0.011, 0.053) | 466 | 0.029*** (0.012, 0.045) | 2,983 |
| High | Low | High | 0.059*** (0.026, 0.091) | 848 | −0.020*** (−0.033, −0.006) | 2,864 | |
| Upward | Low | Low | High | 0.076*** (0.051, 0.100) | 411 | −0.022* (−0.034, −0.009) | 2,195 |
| Low | High | High | 0.073*** (0.048, 0.098) | 288 | −0.015* (−0.028, −0.002) | 1,378 | |
| Stable high | High | High | High | 0.091*** (0.065, 0.116) | 831 | −0.004 (−0.016, 0.001) | 3,390 |
Notes: SEP = socioeconomic position.
aModels fit with STATA 14.2 without sampling weights using ELSA: n = 6,008 with D = 33,890; HRS: n = 23,229 with D = 118,503. Adjusted for age, sex, birth cohort (centered at 1930), race/ethnicity, marital/partner status, and practice effect.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
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