To identify cDNAs that confer ABA-insensitive seed germination when expressed conditionally during estradiol induction, one million of the T1 seeds containing about 20,000 transformants were plated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium containing 2.5 μ  m ABA and 4 μ  m estradiol. Under this selective condition, the germination of wild-type seeds was completely blocked. ABA-insensitive seeds, which germinated within 7 to 10 d producing seedlings with open green cotyledons and emerged radicles, were transferred onto ABA and estradiol free, hygromycin containing medium (Fig. 3A  
Identification of Arabidopsis cDNAs conferring estradiol-inducible conditional ABA insensitivity. A, Screening for ABA insensitive seed germination in the presence of 2.5 μ  m ABA and 4 μ  m estradiol. Red arrow shows a germinated seedling within the nongerminating seed population. B, Testing ABA insensitivity of 25 T2 lines. Seeds were germinated on half-strength MS medium containing 2.5 μ  m ABA in the presence or absence of 4 μ  m estradiol. Germination efficiencies were determined at day 14. C, ABA insensitivity phenotype of line A26. Seeds were germinated in the presence of 3 μ  m ABA in the presence or absence of 4 μ  m estradiol. Seedlings are shown 10 d (left) and 3 weeks (right) after germination. D, Comparison of germination efficiencies of wild-type (Col-0) and A26 seeds in the presence and absence of estradiol on ABA-containing plates. The graph shows typical germination data derived from three independent experiments. E to G, Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of HSP17.6A transcript levels in 2-week-old A26 seedlings using actin2/8 as standard internal reference. E, Activation of HSP17.6A transcription by 4 μ  m estradiol treatment with or without 50 μ  m ABA. F, Induction of HSP17.6A transcription with heat shock and salt stress in leaves of wild-type plants. G, Expression of HSP17.6 in different organs of wild-type Arabidopsis plants. RT-PCR analysis was performed with RNA templates prepared from roots (RO), rosette leaf (RL), cauline leaf (CL), stem (ST), unopened buds (BU), flowers (FL), young siliques (4 d after pollination; YS), developed, green siliques (10 d after pollination; GS), 3- and 8-d-old seedlings growing in vitro on solid half-strength MS medium under short day photoperiod (3S; 8S), and wilted rosette leaves (WL).
Figure 3.

Identification of Arabidopsis cDNAs conferring estradiol-inducible conditional ABA insensitivity. A, Screening for ABA insensitive seed germination in the presence of 2.5 μ  m ABA and 4 μ  m estradiol. Red arrow shows a germinated seedling within the nongerminating seed population. B, Testing ABA insensitivity of 25 T2 lines. Seeds were germinated on half-strength MS medium containing 2.5 μ  m ABA in the presence or absence of 4 μ  m estradiol. Germination efficiencies were determined at day 14. C, ABA insensitivity phenotype of line A26. Seeds were germinated in the presence of 3 μ  m ABA in the presence or absence of 4 μ  m estradiol. Seedlings are shown 10 d (left) and 3 weeks (right) after germination. D, Comparison of germination efficiencies of wild-type (Col-0) and A26 seeds in the presence and absence of estradiol on ABA-containing plates. The graph shows typical germination data derived from three independent experiments. E to G, Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of HSP17.6A transcript levels in 2-week-old A26 seedlings using actin2/8 as standard internal reference. E, Activation of HSP17.6A transcription by 4 μ  m estradiol treatment with or without 50 μ  m ABA. F, Induction of HSP17.6A transcription with heat shock and salt stress in leaves of wild-type plants. G, Expression of HSP17.6 in different organs of wild-type Arabidopsis plants. RT-PCR analysis was performed with RNA templates prepared from roots (RO), rosette leaf (RL), cauline leaf (CL), stem (ST), unopened buds (BU), flowers (FL), young siliques (4 d after pollination; YS), developed, green siliques (10 d after pollination; GS), 3- and 8-d-old seedlings growing in vitro on solid half-strength MS medium under short day photoperiod (3S; 8S), and wilted rosette leaves (WL).

). Seventy-four ABA-insensitive, hygromycin-resistant plants were identified. T2 progeny of these plants was retested for the ABA insensitive seed germination phenotype in the presence and absence of estradiol along with parallel scoring for single locus segregation of the T-DNA-encoded hygromycin resistance marker. For further analysis, we chose 25 lines, which showed different degrees of estradiol-dependent ABA insensitivity in the germination assay (Fig. 3B). From these, ABA insensitive germination of 19 lines was completely estradiol dependent, whereas six lines displayed some degree of ABA-insensitive germination also in the absence of estradiol. From a subset of selected lines, we have rescued and sequenced 11 cDNAs, and found that they code for proteins that were previously reported to play various roles in different abiotic stress responses, including a glutathione-S-transferase, a SNF1-related kinase regulatory subunit, a lipid transfer protein, a subtilase, and a dehydrin type protein (Table I  
Table I.

Identification of COS cDNAs conferring estradiol-dependent ABA insensitivity, NaCl tolerance, and activation of the ADH1-LUC reporter gene


Line

Gene

Encoded Protein

Screen

5′ End from ATG

Insert
bpkb
A11At1g78380ATGSTU19 (glutathione-S-transferase 8)ABA−690.97
A14At1g67360REF (rubber elongation factor) family proteinABA−1781.19
A17At2g47900ATTLP3 (tubby-like protein 3)ABA+7680.4
A18At5g59960Unknown expressed proteinABA−491.42
A26At5g12030ATHSP17.6A (cytosolic small heat shock protein)ABA−540.63
A49At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A53At3g48530AKING1 (SNF1-related protein kinase γ regulatory subunit)ABA−1181.56
A57At2g17690F-box family proteinABA+8600.4
A62At2g45180LTP (seed storage/lipid transfer protein)ABA−260.65
A64At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A66At1g54410Dehydrin family protein, similar to aldose 1-epimeraseABA−620.62
ADH121At1g53910RAP2.12 (ERF/AP2 transcription factor family)LUC−981.42
ADH242At3g46080Zinc finger (C2H2 type) protein, similar to ZAT7LUC+10.49
N022At3g05050Ser/Thr kinase, similar to CRK1 proteinNaCl−2742.08
N075At2g45180LTPNaCl−300.65
N121aAt4g01320ATSTE24 (CAAX protease)NaCl−3001.56
N121bAt2g30860ATGSTF9 (glutathione-S-transferase 9)NaCl+10.83
N125At1g13520Unknown proteinNaCl−241.26
N162At1g27020Unknown proteinNaCl+5270.67
N168At4g22220ATISU1 (iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein)NaCl−500.84
N174At3g22230RPL27B (60S ribosomal protein L27)NaCl+1140.46
N180At5g16970AT-2AERNaCl−451.2
N183At4g15550IAGLU (indole-3-acetate β-d-glucosyltransferase)NaCl+6591.05
N184At3g17420GPK1 (glyoxysomal protein kinase 1)NaCl+5280.52
N186At2g19310Heat-shock protein, similar to HSP18.2NaCl−130.6
N187At3g53740RPL36B (60S ribosomal protein L36)NaCl−1790.6
N188
At2g25450
Unknown protein, similar to ACC oxidase
NaCl
+1150
0.3

Line

Gene

Encoded Protein

Screen

5′ End from ATG

Insert
bpkb
A11At1g78380ATGSTU19 (glutathione-S-transferase 8)ABA−690.97
A14At1g67360REF (rubber elongation factor) family proteinABA−1781.19
A17At2g47900ATTLP3 (tubby-like protein 3)ABA+7680.4
A18At5g59960Unknown expressed proteinABA−491.42
A26At5g12030ATHSP17.6A (cytosolic small heat shock protein)ABA−540.63
A49At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A53At3g48530AKING1 (SNF1-related protein kinase γ regulatory subunit)ABA−1181.56
A57At2g17690F-box family proteinABA+8600.4
A62At2g45180LTP (seed storage/lipid transfer protein)ABA−260.65
A64At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A66At1g54410Dehydrin family protein, similar to aldose 1-epimeraseABA−620.62
ADH121At1g53910RAP2.12 (ERF/AP2 transcription factor family)LUC−981.42
ADH242At3g46080Zinc finger (C2H2 type) protein, similar to ZAT7LUC+10.49
N022At3g05050Ser/Thr kinase, similar to CRK1 proteinNaCl−2742.08
N075At2g45180LTPNaCl−300.65
N121aAt4g01320ATSTE24 (CAAX protease)NaCl−3001.56
N121bAt2g30860ATGSTF9 (glutathione-S-transferase 9)NaCl+10.83
N125At1g13520Unknown proteinNaCl−241.26
N162At1g27020Unknown proteinNaCl+5270.67
N168At4g22220ATISU1 (iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein)NaCl−500.84
N174At3g22230RPL27B (60S ribosomal protein L27)NaCl+1140.46
N180At5g16970AT-2AERNaCl−451.2
N183At4g15550IAGLU (indole-3-acetate β-d-glucosyltransferase)NaCl+6591.05
N184At3g17420GPK1 (glyoxysomal protein kinase 1)NaCl+5280.52
N186At2g19310Heat-shock protein, similar to HSP18.2NaCl−130.6
N187At3g53740RPL36B (60S ribosomal protein L36)NaCl−1790.6
N188
At2g25450
Unknown protein, similar to ACC oxidase
NaCl
+1150
0.3
Table I.

Identification of COS cDNAs conferring estradiol-dependent ABA insensitivity, NaCl tolerance, and activation of the ADH1-LUC reporter gene


Line

Gene

Encoded Protein

Screen

5′ End from ATG

Insert
bpkb
A11At1g78380ATGSTU19 (glutathione-S-transferase 8)ABA−690.97
A14At1g67360REF (rubber elongation factor) family proteinABA−1781.19
A17At2g47900ATTLP3 (tubby-like protein 3)ABA+7680.4
A18At5g59960Unknown expressed proteinABA−491.42
A26At5g12030ATHSP17.6A (cytosolic small heat shock protein)ABA−540.63
A49At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A53At3g48530AKING1 (SNF1-related protein kinase γ regulatory subunit)ABA−1181.56
A57At2g17690F-box family proteinABA+8600.4
A62At2g45180LTP (seed storage/lipid transfer protein)ABA−260.65
A64At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A66At1g54410Dehydrin family protein, similar to aldose 1-epimeraseABA−620.62
ADH121At1g53910RAP2.12 (ERF/AP2 transcription factor family)LUC−981.42
ADH242At3g46080Zinc finger (C2H2 type) protein, similar to ZAT7LUC+10.49
N022At3g05050Ser/Thr kinase, similar to CRK1 proteinNaCl−2742.08
N075At2g45180LTPNaCl−300.65
N121aAt4g01320ATSTE24 (CAAX protease)NaCl−3001.56
N121bAt2g30860ATGSTF9 (glutathione-S-transferase 9)NaCl+10.83
N125At1g13520Unknown proteinNaCl−241.26
N162At1g27020Unknown proteinNaCl+5270.67
N168At4g22220ATISU1 (iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein)NaCl−500.84
N174At3g22230RPL27B (60S ribosomal protein L27)NaCl+1140.46
N180At5g16970AT-2AERNaCl−451.2
N183At4g15550IAGLU (indole-3-acetate β-d-glucosyltransferase)NaCl+6591.05
N184At3g17420GPK1 (glyoxysomal protein kinase 1)NaCl+5280.52
N186At2g19310Heat-shock protein, similar to HSP18.2NaCl−130.6
N187At3g53740RPL36B (60S ribosomal protein L36)NaCl−1790.6
N188
At2g25450
Unknown protein, similar to ACC oxidase
NaCl
+1150
0.3

Line

Gene

Encoded Protein

Screen

5′ End from ATG

Insert
bpkb
A11At1g78380ATGSTU19 (glutathione-S-transferase 8)ABA−690.97
A14At1g67360REF (rubber elongation factor) family proteinABA−1781.19
A17At2g47900ATTLP3 (tubby-like protein 3)ABA+7680.4
A18At5g59960Unknown expressed proteinABA−491.42
A26At5g12030ATHSP17.6A (cytosolic small heat shock protein)ABA−540.63
A49At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A53At3g48530AKING1 (SNF1-related protein kinase γ regulatory subunit)ABA−1181.56
A57At2g17690F-box family proteinABA+8600.4
A62At2g45180LTP (seed storage/lipid transfer protein)ABA−260.65
A64At1g71950Subtilase family proteinABA+670.61
A66At1g54410Dehydrin family protein, similar to aldose 1-epimeraseABA−620.62
ADH121At1g53910RAP2.12 (ERF/AP2 transcription factor family)LUC−981.42
ADH242At3g46080Zinc finger (C2H2 type) protein, similar to ZAT7LUC+10.49
N022At3g05050Ser/Thr kinase, similar to CRK1 proteinNaCl−2742.08
N075At2g45180LTPNaCl−300.65
N121aAt4g01320ATSTE24 (CAAX protease)NaCl−3001.56
N121bAt2g30860ATGSTF9 (glutathione-S-transferase 9)NaCl+10.83
N125At1g13520Unknown proteinNaCl−241.26
N162At1g27020Unknown proteinNaCl+5270.67
N168At4g22220ATISU1 (iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein)NaCl−500.84
N174At3g22230RPL27B (60S ribosomal protein L27)NaCl+1140.46
N180At5g16970AT-2AERNaCl−451.2
N183At4g15550IAGLU (indole-3-acetate β-d-glucosyltransferase)NaCl+6591.05
N184At3g17420GPK1 (glyoxysomal protein kinase 1)NaCl+5280.52
N186At2g19310Heat-shock protein, similar to HSP18.2NaCl−130.6
N187At3g53740RPL36B (60S ribosomal protein L36)NaCl−1790.6
N188
At2g25450
Unknown protein, similar to ACC oxidase
NaCl
+1150
0.3
; A lines). Although most ABA-insensitive lines carried full-length cDNA inserts, several of them were truncated at the 5′ end (Supplemental Fig. S6).
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