Associations Between Baseline Variables and Cryptococcal Antigenemia in 1645 Participants With CD4 Cell Counts ≤100 Cells/µL Undergoing Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Stratified by Cryptococcal Antigen Status
| Variable and Category . | n . | CrAg Positive, % (n) . | OR (95% CI) . | P . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 817 | 4.9 (40) | Base | .019 | Base | .019 |
| Male | 828 | 7.7 (64) | 1.63 (1.1–2.4) | 1.64 (1.1–2.5) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 851 | 6.2 (53) | Base | .871 | Base | .800 |
| ≥37 years | 794 | 6.4 (51) | 1.03 (.7–1.5) | 1.05 (.7–1.6) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 915 | 3.9 (36) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 325 | 8.0 (26) | 2.12 (1.3–3.6) | 2.13 (1.3–3.6) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 405 | 10.4 (42) | 2.83 (1.8–4.5) | 2.89 (1.8–4.6) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 513 | 5.7 (29) | Base | .614 | Base | .800 |
| Defaulted | 224 | 7.6 (17) | 1.37 (.7–2.5) | 1.15 (.6–2.2) | ||
| Naive | 908 | 6.4 (58) | 1.13 (.7–1.8) | .94 (.6–1.5) | ||
| Outpatients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 740 | 3.8 (28) | Base | .066 | Base | .051 |
| Male | 754 | 5.8 (44) | 1.57 (1.0–2.6) | 1.64 (1.0–2.7) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 776 | 5.0 (39) | Base | .699 | Base | .739 |
| ≥37 years | 718 | 4.6 (33) | .91 (.6–1.5) | .92 (.6–1.5) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 856 | 3.0 (26) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 292 | 6.5 (19) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 2.34 (1.3–4.3) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 346 | 7.8 (27) | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 2.91 (1.6–5.2) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 476 | 5.5 (26) | Base | .599 | Base | .258 |
| Defaulted | 205 | 5.4 (11) | .98 (.5–2.0) | .81 (.4–1.7) | ||
| Naive | 813 | 4.3 (35) | .78 (.5–1.3) | .63 (.4–1.1) |
| Variable and Category . | n . | CrAg Positive, % (n) . | OR (95% CI) . | P . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 817 | 4.9 (40) | Base | .019 | Base | .019 |
| Male | 828 | 7.7 (64) | 1.63 (1.1–2.4) | 1.64 (1.1–2.5) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 851 | 6.2 (53) | Base | .871 | Base | .800 |
| ≥37 years | 794 | 6.4 (51) | 1.03 (.7–1.5) | 1.05 (.7–1.6) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 915 | 3.9 (36) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 325 | 8.0 (26) | 2.12 (1.3–3.6) | 2.13 (1.3–3.6) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 405 | 10.4 (42) | 2.83 (1.8–4.5) | 2.89 (1.8–4.6) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 513 | 5.7 (29) | Base | .614 | Base | .800 |
| Defaulted | 224 | 7.6 (17) | 1.37 (.7–2.5) | 1.15 (.6–2.2) | ||
| Naive | 908 | 6.4 (58) | 1.13 (.7–1.8) | .94 (.6–1.5) | ||
| Outpatients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 740 | 3.8 (28) | Base | .066 | Base | .051 |
| Male | 754 | 5.8 (44) | 1.57 (1.0–2.6) | 1.64 (1.0–2.7) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 776 | 5.0 (39) | Base | .699 | Base | .739 |
| ≥37 years | 718 | 4.6 (33) | .91 (.6–1.5) | .92 (.6–1.5) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 856 | 3.0 (26) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 292 | 6.5 (19) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 2.34 (1.3–4.3) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 346 | 7.8 (27) | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 2.91 (1.6–5.2) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 476 | 5.5 (26) | Base | .599 | Base | .258 |
| Defaulted | 205 | 5.4 (11) | .98 (.5–2.0) | .81 (.4–1.7) | ||
| Naive | 813 | 4.3 (35) | .78 (.5–1.3) | .63 (.4–1.1) |
All variables shown were included in the adjusted model (sex, age, CD4 count, and ART status). There was no association between age and CrAg status when age was included as a categorical or a continuous variable.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CrAg, cryptococcal antigen; OR, odds ratio.
aART status was defined as “ART-naïve” if patient had never taken ART, “on ART” if documented current ART prescriptions or viral-load monitoring (which is only performed for treatment monitoring in Botswana), or “defaulted” if documentation of prior ART use and either documentation of treatment discontinuation, or no ART prescription or follow-up for >180 days.
Associations Between Baseline Variables and Cryptococcal Antigenemia in 1645 Participants With CD4 Cell Counts ≤100 Cells/µL Undergoing Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Stratified by Cryptococcal Antigen Status
| Variable and Category . | n . | CrAg Positive, % (n) . | OR (95% CI) . | P . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 817 | 4.9 (40) | Base | .019 | Base | .019 |
| Male | 828 | 7.7 (64) | 1.63 (1.1–2.4) | 1.64 (1.1–2.5) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 851 | 6.2 (53) | Base | .871 | Base | .800 |
| ≥37 years | 794 | 6.4 (51) | 1.03 (.7–1.5) | 1.05 (.7–1.6) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 915 | 3.9 (36) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 325 | 8.0 (26) | 2.12 (1.3–3.6) | 2.13 (1.3–3.6) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 405 | 10.4 (42) | 2.83 (1.8–4.5) | 2.89 (1.8–4.6) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 513 | 5.7 (29) | Base | .614 | Base | .800 |
| Defaulted | 224 | 7.6 (17) | 1.37 (.7–2.5) | 1.15 (.6–2.2) | ||
| Naive | 908 | 6.4 (58) | 1.13 (.7–1.8) | .94 (.6–1.5) | ||
| Outpatients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 740 | 3.8 (28) | Base | .066 | Base | .051 |
| Male | 754 | 5.8 (44) | 1.57 (1.0–2.6) | 1.64 (1.0–2.7) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 776 | 5.0 (39) | Base | .699 | Base | .739 |
| ≥37 years | 718 | 4.6 (33) | .91 (.6–1.5) | .92 (.6–1.5) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 856 | 3.0 (26) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 292 | 6.5 (19) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 2.34 (1.3–4.3) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 346 | 7.8 (27) | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 2.91 (1.6–5.2) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 476 | 5.5 (26) | Base | .599 | Base | .258 |
| Defaulted | 205 | 5.4 (11) | .98 (.5–2.0) | .81 (.4–1.7) | ||
| Naive | 813 | 4.3 (35) | .78 (.5–1.3) | .63 (.4–1.1) |
| Variable and Category . | n . | CrAg Positive, % (n) . | OR (95% CI) . | P . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 817 | 4.9 (40) | Base | .019 | Base | .019 |
| Male | 828 | 7.7 (64) | 1.63 (1.1–2.4) | 1.64 (1.1–2.5) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 851 | 6.2 (53) | Base | .871 | Base | .800 |
| ≥37 years | 794 | 6.4 (51) | 1.03 (.7–1.5) | 1.05 (.7–1.6) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 915 | 3.9 (36) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 325 | 8.0 (26) | 2.12 (1.3–3.6) | 2.13 (1.3–3.6) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 405 | 10.4 (42) | 2.83 (1.8–4.5) | 2.89 (1.8–4.6) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 513 | 5.7 (29) | Base | .614 | Base | .800 |
| Defaulted | 224 | 7.6 (17) | 1.37 (.7–2.5) | 1.15 (.6–2.2) | ||
| Naive | 908 | 6.4 (58) | 1.13 (.7–1.8) | .94 (.6–1.5) | ||
| Outpatients | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 740 | 3.8 (28) | Base | .066 | Base | .051 |
| Male | 754 | 5.8 (44) | 1.57 (1.0–2.6) | 1.64 (1.0–2.7) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <37 years | 776 | 5.0 (39) | Base | .699 | Base | .739 |
| ≥37 years | 718 | 4.6 (33) | .91 (.6–1.5) | .92 (.6–1.5) | ||
| CD4 count | ||||||
| >50 cells/µL | 856 | 3.0 (26) | Base | <.001 | Base | <.001 |
| 25–49 cells/µL | 292 | 6.5 (19) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 2.34 (1.3–4.3) | ||
| <25 cells/µL | 346 | 7.8 (27) | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 2.91 (1.6–5.2) | ||
| ART statusa | ||||||
| On ART | 476 | 5.5 (26) | Base | .599 | Base | .258 |
| Defaulted | 205 | 5.4 (11) | .98 (.5–2.0) | .81 (.4–1.7) | ||
| Naive | 813 | 4.3 (35) | .78 (.5–1.3) | .63 (.4–1.1) |
All variables shown were included in the adjusted model (sex, age, CD4 count, and ART status). There was no association between age and CrAg status when age was included as a categorical or a continuous variable.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CrAg, cryptococcal antigen; OR, odds ratio.
aART status was defined as “ART-naïve” if patient had never taken ART, “on ART” if documented current ART prescriptions or viral-load monitoring (which is only performed for treatment monitoring in Botswana), or “defaulted” if documentation of prior ART use and either documentation of treatment discontinuation, or no ART prescription or follow-up for >180 days.
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