Table 1 Open in new tab Participant...

	Autopsy cohorts	PET cohorts	Combined
Sample size	284	407	337	1,031	217	688	2980	3818	5108
Female, n (%)	153 (54)	232 (57)	217 (64)	672 (52)	107 (49)	296 (43)	1779 (60)	2258 (59)	2983 (58)
Age	87.11 ± 6.73	88.28 ± 6.75	86.99 ± 6.62	89.43 ± 6.51	76.46 ± 6.34	74.82 ± 7.58	71.36 ± 4.75	74.20 ± 7.78	76.82 ± 9.67
Education	14.92 ± 2.99	14.71 ± 3.04	16.56 ± 3.78	16.42 ± 3.61	16.38 ± 2.68	16.19 ± 2.71	16.76 ± 2.68	16.57 ± 2.86	16.44 ± 2.98
Amyloid burden
CERAD, n (%)
None	84 (29)	106 (26)	133 (39)	253 (24)	–	–	–	–	217 (35)
Sparse	89 (31)	107 (26)	39 (12)	97 (9)	–	–	–	–	128 (21)
Moderate	63 (22)	94 (23)	115 (34)	374 (36)	–	–	–	–	178 (29)
Severe	47 (16)	100 (25)	50 (15)	307 (30)	–	–	–	–	97 (26)
Standardized PET amyloid	–	–	–	–	1.39 ± 2.69	2.19 ± 3.05	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.53
Cognitive function
Harmonized memory	0.31 ± 0.57	−0.09 ± 0.82	0.36 ± 0.47	−0.60 ± 1.01	0.81 ± 0.48	0.30 ± 0.69	0.53 ± 0.22	0.53 ± 0.22	0.52 ± 0.33
Harmonized executive function	1.55 ± 0.89	1.13 ± 1.17	1.39 ± 0.82	0.58 ± 1.12	2.89 ± 0.88	2.36 ± 1.16	–	–	1.83 ± 1.07
PACC	–	–	–	–	−0.31 ± 2.93	−4.39 ± 5.33	0.20 ± 2.5	0.20 ± 2.5	0.17 ± 2.53
Resilience phenotypes
Residual cognitive resilience	−0.04 ± 0.89	0.24 ± 0.82	4.8 × 10⁻³ ± 0.80	−0.17 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 1.37	−0.54 ± 1.33	0.06 ± 1.06	0.25 ± 0.63	0.06 ± 1.05
Combined resilience	−0.19 ± 0.47	−0.13 ± 0.41	7.5× 10⁻⁴ ± 0.53	−0.04 ± 0.46	0.05 ± 0.56	−0.15 ± 0.46	0.04 ± 0.47	0.09 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.49

Autopsy cohorts

PET cohorts

Combined

ACT

ROS/MAP

ADNI

All

CU/All

All

Sample size

284

407

337

1,031

217

688

2980

3818

5108

Female, n (%)

153 (54)

232 (57)

217 (64)

672 (52)

107 (49)

296 (43)

1779 (60)

2258 (59)

2983 (58)

Age

87.11 ± 6.73

88.28 ± 6.75

86.99 ± 6.62

89.43 ± 6.51

76.46 ± 6.34

74.82 ± 7.58

71.36 ± 4.75

74.20 ± 7.78

76.82 ± 9.67

Education

14.92 ± 2.99

14.71 ± 3.04

16.56 ± 3.78

16.42 ± 3.61

16.38 ± 2.68

16.19 ± 2.71

16.76 ± 2.68

16.57 ± 2.86

16.44 ± 2.98

Amyloid burden

CERAD, n (%)

None

84 (29)

106 (26)

133 (39)

253 (24)

–

217 (35)

Sparse

89 (31)

107 (26)

39 (12)

97 (9)

–

128 (21)

Moderate

63 (22)

94 (23)

115 (34)

374 (36)

–

178 (29)

Severe

47 (16)

100 (25)

50 (15)

307 (30)

–

97 (26)

Standardized PET amyloid

–

1.39 ± 2.69

2.19 ± 3.05

1.41 ± 2.52

1.41 ± 2.53

Cognitive function

Harmonized memory

0.31 ± 0.57

−0.09 ± 0.82

0.36 ± 0.47

−0.60 ± 1.01

0.81 ± 0.48

0.30 ± 0.69

0.53 ± 0.22

0.52 ± 0.33

Harmonized executive function

1.55 ± 0.89

1.13 ± 1.17

1.39 ± 0.82

0.58 ± 1.12

2.89 ± 0.88

2.36 ± 1.16

–

1.83 ± 1.07

PACC

–

−0.31 ± 2.93

−4.39 ± 5.33

0.20 ± 2.5

0.17 ± 2.53

Resilience phenotypes

Residual cognitive resilience

−0.04 ± 0.89

0.24 ± 0.82

4.8 × 10⁻³ ± 0.80

−0.17 ± 0.9

0.22 ± 1.37

−0.54 ± 1.33

0.06 ± 1.06

0.25 ± 0.63

0.06 ± 1.05

Combined resilience

−0.19 ± 0.47

−0.13 ± 0.41

7.5× 10⁻⁴ ± 0.53

−0.04 ± 0.46

0.05 ± 0.56

−0.15 ± 0.46

0.04 ± 0.47

0.09 ± 0.34

0.02 ± 0.49

	Autopsy cohorts	PET cohorts	Combined
Sample size	284	407	337	1,031	217	688	2980	3818	5108
Female, n (%)	153 (54)	232 (57)	217 (64)	672 (52)	107 (49)	296 (43)	1779 (60)	2258 (59)	2983 (58)
Age	87.11 ± 6.73	88.28 ± 6.75	86.99 ± 6.62	89.43 ± 6.51	76.46 ± 6.34	74.82 ± 7.58	71.36 ± 4.75	74.20 ± 7.78	76.82 ± 9.67
Education	14.92 ± 2.99	14.71 ± 3.04	16.56 ± 3.78	16.42 ± 3.61	16.38 ± 2.68	16.19 ± 2.71	16.76 ± 2.68	16.57 ± 2.86	16.44 ± 2.98
Amyloid burden
CERAD, n (%)
None	84 (29)	106 (26)	133 (39)	253 (24)	–	–	–	–	217 (35)
Sparse	89 (31)	107 (26)	39 (12)	97 (9)	–	–	–	–	128 (21)
Moderate	63 (22)	94 (23)	115 (34)	374 (36)	–	–	–	–	178 (29)
Severe	47 (16)	100 (25)	50 (15)	307 (30)	–	–	–	–	97 (26)
Standardized PET amyloid	–	–	–	–	1.39 ± 2.69	2.19 ± 3.05	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.53
Cognitive function
Harmonized memory	0.31 ± 0.57	−0.09 ± 0.82	0.36 ± 0.47	−0.60 ± 1.01	0.81 ± 0.48	0.30 ± 0.69	0.53 ± 0.22	0.53 ± 0.22	0.52 ± 0.33
Harmonized executive function	1.55 ± 0.89	1.13 ± 1.17	1.39 ± 0.82	0.58 ± 1.12	2.89 ± 0.88	2.36 ± 1.16	–	–	1.83 ± 1.07
PACC	–	–	–	–	−0.31 ± 2.93	−4.39 ± 5.33	0.20 ± 2.5	0.20 ± 2.5	0.17 ± 2.53
Resilience phenotypes
Residual cognitive resilience	−0.04 ± 0.89	0.24 ± 0.82	4.8 × 10⁻³ ± 0.80	−0.17 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 1.37	−0.54 ± 1.33	0.06 ± 1.06	0.25 ± 0.63	0.06 ± 1.05
Combined resilience	−0.19 ± 0.47	−0.13 ± 0.41	7.5× 10⁻⁴ ± 0.53	−0.04 ± 0.46	0.05 ± 0.56	−0.15 ± 0.46	0.04 ± 0.47	0.09 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.49

Table 1

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Participant characteristics

	Autopsy cohorts				PET cohorts			Combined
	ACT		ROS/MAP		ADNI		A4	Combined
	CU	All	CU	All	CU	All	CU/All	CU	All
Sample size	284	407	337	1,031	217	688	2980	3818	5108
Female, n (%)	153 (54)	232 (57)	217 (64)	672 (52)	107 (49)	296 (43)	1779 (60)	2258 (59)	2983 (58)
Age	87.11 ± 6.73	88.28 ± 6.75	86.99 ± 6.62	89.43 ± 6.51	76.46 ± 6.34	74.82 ± 7.58	71.36 ± 4.75	74.20 ± 7.78	76.82 ± 9.67
Education	14.92 ± 2.99	14.71 ± 3.04	16.56 ± 3.78	16.42 ± 3.61	16.38 ± 2.68	16.19 ± 2.71	16.76 ± 2.68	16.57 ± 2.86	16.44 ± 2.98
Amyloid burden
CERAD, n (%)
None	84 (29)	106 (26)	133 (39)	253 (24)	–	–	–	–	217 (35)
Sparse	89 (31)	107 (26)	39 (12)	97 (9)	–	–	–	–	128 (21)
Moderate	63 (22)	94 (23)	115 (34)	374 (36)	–	–	–	–	178 (29)
Severe	47 (16)	100 (25)	50 (15)	307 (30)	–	–	–	–	97 (26)
Standardized PET amyloid	–	–	–	–	1.39 ± 2.69	2.19 ± 3.05	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.53
Cognitive function
Harmonized memory	0.31 ± 0.57	−0.09 ± 0.82	0.36 ± 0.47	−0.60 ± 1.01	0.81 ± 0.48	0.30 ± 0.69	0.53 ± 0.22	0.53 ± 0.22	0.52 ± 0.33
Harmonized executive function	1.55 ± 0.89	1.13 ± 1.17	1.39 ± 0.82	0.58 ± 1.12	2.89 ± 0.88	2.36 ± 1.16	–	–	1.83 ± 1.07
PACC	–	–	–	–	−0.31 ± 2.93	−4.39 ± 5.33	0.20 ± 2.5	0.20 ± 2.5	0.17 ± 2.53
Resilience phenotypes
Residual cognitive resilience	−0.04 ± 0.89	0.24 ± 0.82	4.8 × 10⁻³ ± 0.80	−0.17 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 1.37	−0.54 ± 1.33	0.06 ± 1.06	0.25 ± 0.63	0.06 ± 1.05
Combined resilience	−0.19 ± 0.47	−0.13 ± 0.41	7.5× 10⁻⁴ ± 0.53	−0.04 ± 0.46	0.05 ± 0.56	−0.15 ± 0.46	0.04 ± 0.47	0.09 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.49

	Autopsy cohorts				PET cohorts			Combined
	ACT		ROS/MAP		ADNI		A4	Combined
	CU	All	CU	All	CU	All	CU/All	CU	All
Sample size	284	407	337	1,031	217	688	2980	3818	5108
Female, n (%)	153 (54)	232 (57)	217 (64)	672 (52)	107 (49)	296 (43)	1779 (60)	2258 (59)	2983 (58)
Age	87.11 ± 6.73	88.28 ± 6.75	86.99 ± 6.62	89.43 ± 6.51	76.46 ± 6.34	74.82 ± 7.58	71.36 ± 4.75	74.20 ± 7.78	76.82 ± 9.67
Education	14.92 ± 2.99	14.71 ± 3.04	16.56 ± 3.78	16.42 ± 3.61	16.38 ± 2.68	16.19 ± 2.71	16.76 ± 2.68	16.57 ± 2.86	16.44 ± 2.98
Amyloid burden
CERAD, n (%)
None	84 (29)	106 (26)	133 (39)	253 (24)	–	–	–	–	217 (35)
Sparse	89 (31)	107 (26)	39 (12)	97 (9)	–	–	–	–	128 (21)
Moderate	63 (22)	94 (23)	115 (34)	374 (36)	–	–	–	–	178 (29)
Severe	47 (16)	100 (25)	50 (15)	307 (30)	–	–	–	–	97 (26)
Standardized PET amyloid	–	–	–	–	1.39 ± 2.69	2.19 ± 3.05	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.52	1.41 ± 2.53
Cognitive function
Harmonized memory	0.31 ± 0.57	−0.09 ± 0.82	0.36 ± 0.47	−0.60 ± 1.01	0.81 ± 0.48	0.30 ± 0.69	0.53 ± 0.22	0.53 ± 0.22	0.52 ± 0.33
Harmonized executive function	1.55 ± 0.89	1.13 ± 1.17	1.39 ± 0.82	0.58 ± 1.12	2.89 ± 0.88	2.36 ± 1.16	–	–	1.83 ± 1.07
PACC	–	–	–	–	−0.31 ± 2.93	−4.39 ± 5.33	0.20 ± 2.5	0.20 ± 2.5	0.17 ± 2.53
Resilience phenotypes
Residual cognitive resilience	−0.04 ± 0.89	0.24 ± 0.82	4.8 × 10⁻³ ± 0.80	−0.17 ± 0.9	0.22 ± 1.37	−0.54 ± 1.33	0.06 ± 1.06	0.25 ± 0.63	0.06 ± 1.05
Combined resilience	−0.19 ± 0.47	−0.13 ± 0.41	7.5× 10⁻⁴ ± 0.53	−0.04 ± 0.46	0.05 ± 0.56	−0.15 ± 0.46	0.04 ± 0.47	0.09 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.49

Age is age at death for autopsy cohorts and age at visit for PET cohorts. Values are mean ± standard deviation or number of samples (per cent of the group). CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; CU = cognitively unimpaired; PACC = Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite.

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