Table I. Open in new tab Carbohydrate...

Kernals	Product	2016	2015
TQ	Starch	57.3 ± 1.4 f	19.0 ± 0.1 b	23.7 ± 1.3 a	16.5 ± 1.8 a	3.01 ± 0.09 d	25.5 ± 0.1 a	18.2 ± 0.1 a
Amylopectin	57.6 ± 1.7 F	18.7 ± 0.4 B	7.2 ± 0.6 D*	–	3.07 ± 0.16 D	7.3 ± 0.1 E*	–
TRS	Starch	24.8 ± 0.5 c	23.8 ± 0.7 c,d	51.4 ± 1.2 d	48.5 ± 1.0 d	1.04 ± 0.01 b	58.9 ± 0.8 d	56.6 ± 0.8 d
Amylopectin	24.0 ± 0.1 C	24.6 ± 1.3 D	2.9 ± 0.2A D*	–	0.98 ± 0.06 B	2.3 ± 0.1 B*	–
TRS-polygonal	Starch	44.7 ± 1.0 e	24.9 ± 1.7 d	30.3 ± 0.7 b	26.1 ± 0.8 b	1.80 ± 0.16 c	30.7 ± 0.2 b	26.5 ± 0.2 b
Amylopectin	43.9 ± 0.5 E	25.8 ± 0.3 D	4.2 ± 0.1 B,C*	–	1.70 ± 0.01 C	4.2 ± 0.1 D*	–
TRS-aggregate	Starch	29.5 ± 1.8 d	29.5 ± 0.7 e	41.0 ± 2.5 c	38.3 ± 2.6 c	1.00 ± 0.03 b	42.7 ± 0.1 c	40.0 ± 0.2 c
Amylopectin	31.6 ± 1.3 D	27.3 ± 1.2 D	2.7 ± 0.1 A*	–	1.16 ± 0.01 B	2.6 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-elongated	Starch	11.4 ± 0.1 b	21.6 ± 1.1 b,c	67.0 ± 1.0 e	62.4 ± 1.7 e	0.53 ± 0.03 a	67.2 ± 1.2 e	64.5 ± 1.3 e
Amylopectin	11.6 ± 0.2B	21.4 ± 0.7 C	4.6 ± 0.8 C*	–	0.54 ± 0.01 A	2.7 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-hollow	Starch	7.5 ± 1.1 a	15.1 ± 0.3 a	77.4 ± 0.8 f	74.9 ± 1.1 f	0.50 ± 0.08 a	78.6 ± 0.9 f	76.7 ± 1.0 f
Amylopectin	6.7 ± 0.6 A	15.9 ± 0.3 A	2.5 ± 0.3 A*	–	0.42 ± 0.03 A	1.9 ± 0.1 A*	–

Kernals

Product

2016

2015

Peak 1

Peak 2

Peak 3

TAC

Peak 1/Peak 2

Peak 3

TAC

Starch

57.3 ± 1.4 f

19.0 ± 0.1 b

23.7 ± 1.3 a

16.5 ± 1.8 a

3.01 ± 0.09 d

25.5 ± 0.1 a

18.2 ± 0.1 a

Amylopectin

57.6 ± 1.7 F

18.7 ± 0.4 B

7.2 ± 0.6 D*

–

3.07 ± 0.16 D

7.3 ± 0.1 E*

–

TRS

Starch

24.8 ± 0.5 c

23.8 ± 0.7 c,d

51.4 ± 1.2 d

48.5 ± 1.0 d

1.04 ± 0.01 b

58.9 ± 0.8 d

56.6 ± 0.8 d

Amylopectin

24.0 ± 0.1 C

24.6 ± 1.3 D

2.9 ± 0.2A D*

–

0.98 ± 0.06 B

2.3 ± 0.1 B*

–

TRS-polygonal

Starch

44.7 ± 1.0 e

24.9 ± 1.7 d

30.3 ± 0.7 b

26.1 ± 0.8 b

1.80 ± 0.16 c

30.7 ± 0.2 b

26.5 ± 0.2 b

Amylopectin

43.9 ± 0.5 E

25.8 ± 0.3 D

4.2 ± 0.1 B,C*

–

1.70 ± 0.01 C

4.2 ± 0.1 D*

–

TRS-aggregate

Starch

29.5 ± 1.8 d

29.5 ± 0.7 e

41.0 ± 2.5 c

38.3 ± 2.6 c

1.00 ± 0.03 b

42.7 ± 0.1 c

40.0 ± 0.2 c

Amylopectin

31.6 ± 1.3 D

27.3 ± 1.2 D

2.7 ± 0.1 A*

–

1.16 ± 0.01 B

2.6 ± 0.1 C*

–

TRS-elongated

Starch

11.4 ± 0.1 b

21.6 ± 1.1 b,c

67.0 ± 1.0 e

62.4 ± 1.7 e

0.53 ± 0.03 a

67.2 ± 1.2 e

64.5 ± 1.3 e

Amylopectin

11.6 ± 0.2B

21.4 ± 0.7 C

4.6 ± 0.8 C*

–

0.54 ± 0.01 A

2.7 ± 0.1 C*

–

TRS-hollow

Starch

7.5 ± 1.1 a

15.1 ± 0.3 a

77.4 ± 0.8 f

74.9 ± 1.1 f

0.50 ± 0.08 a

78.6 ± 0.9 f

76.7 ± 1.0 f

Amylopectin

6.7 ± 0.6 A

15.9 ± 0.3 A

2.5 ± 0.3 A*

–

0.42 ± 0.03 A

1.9 ± 0.1 A*

–

Kernals	Product	2016	2015
TQ	Starch	57.3 ± 1.4 f	19.0 ± 0.1 b	23.7 ± 1.3 a	16.5 ± 1.8 a	3.01 ± 0.09 d	25.5 ± 0.1 a	18.2 ± 0.1 a
Amylopectin	57.6 ± 1.7 F	18.7 ± 0.4 B	7.2 ± 0.6 D*	–	3.07 ± 0.16 D	7.3 ± 0.1 E*	–
TRS	Starch	24.8 ± 0.5 c	23.8 ± 0.7 c,d	51.4 ± 1.2 d	48.5 ± 1.0 d	1.04 ± 0.01 b	58.9 ± 0.8 d	56.6 ± 0.8 d
Amylopectin	24.0 ± 0.1 C	24.6 ± 1.3 D	2.9 ± 0.2A D*	–	0.98 ± 0.06 B	2.3 ± 0.1 B*	–
TRS-polygonal	Starch	44.7 ± 1.0 e	24.9 ± 1.7 d	30.3 ± 0.7 b	26.1 ± 0.8 b	1.80 ± 0.16 c	30.7 ± 0.2 b	26.5 ± 0.2 b
Amylopectin	43.9 ± 0.5 E	25.8 ± 0.3 D	4.2 ± 0.1 B,C*	–	1.70 ± 0.01 C	4.2 ± 0.1 D*	–
TRS-aggregate	Starch	29.5 ± 1.8 d	29.5 ± 0.7 e	41.0 ± 2.5 c	38.3 ± 2.6 c	1.00 ± 0.03 b	42.7 ± 0.1 c	40.0 ± 0.2 c
Amylopectin	31.6 ± 1.3 D	27.3 ± 1.2 D	2.7 ± 0.1 A*	–	1.16 ± 0.01 B	2.6 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-elongated	Starch	11.4 ± 0.1 b	21.6 ± 1.1 b,c	67.0 ± 1.0 e	62.4 ± 1.7 e	0.53 ± 0.03 a	67.2 ± 1.2 e	64.5 ± 1.3 e
Amylopectin	11.6 ± 0.2B	21.4 ± 0.7 C	4.6 ± 0.8 C*	–	0.54 ± 0.01 A	2.7 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-hollow	Starch	7.5 ± 1.1 a	15.1 ± 0.3 a	77.4 ± 0.8 f	74.9 ± 1.1 f	0.50 ± 0.08 a	78.6 ± 0.9 f	76.7 ± 1.0 f
Amylopectin	6.7 ± 0.6 A	15.9 ± 0.3 A	2.5 ± 0.3 A*	–	0.42 ± 0.03 A	1.9 ± 0.1 A*	–

Table I.

Open in new tab

Carbohydrate composition of starch and purified amylopectin from developing TQ and TRS kernels at 25 DAF in 2015 and 2016

Values are means ± sd from two biological replicates. Values in the same column with different lowercase letters for starch and uppercase letters for amylopectin are significantly different (P < 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Peak 1, Peak 2, and Peak 3 are the amylopectin short branch chain, amylopectin long branch chain, and amylose, respectively. Peak 1/Peak 2 is the area ratio of Peak 1 and Peak 2; other values are percentages. Asterisks represent the amount of extra long chain of amylopectin. TAC (true amylose content) = amylose content (Peak 3 of starch) ‒ extra long chains (Peak 3 of amylopectin).

Kernals	Product	2016					2015
Kernals	Product	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 3	TAC	Peak 1/Peak 2	Peak 3	TAC
TQ	Starch	57.3 ± 1.4 f	19.0 ± 0.1 b	23.7 ± 1.3 a	16.5 ± 1.8 a	3.01 ± 0.09 d	25.5 ± 0.1 a	18.2 ± 0.1 a
TQ	Amylopectin	57.6 ± 1.7 F	18.7 ± 0.4 B	7.2 ± 0.6 D*	–	3.07 ± 0.16 D	7.3 ± 0.1 E*	–
TRS	Starch	24.8 ± 0.5 c	23.8 ± 0.7 c,d	51.4 ± 1.2 d	48.5 ± 1.0 d	1.04 ± 0.01 b	58.9 ± 0.8 d	56.6 ± 0.8 d
TRS	Amylopectin	24.0 ± 0.1 C	24.6 ± 1.3 D	2.9 ± 0.2A D*	–	0.98 ± 0.06 B	2.3 ± 0.1 B*	–
TRS-polygonal	Starch	44.7 ± 1.0 e	24.9 ± 1.7 d	30.3 ± 0.7 b	26.1 ± 0.8 b	1.80 ± 0.16 c	30.7 ± 0.2 b	26.5 ± 0.2 b
TRS-polygonal	Amylopectin	43.9 ± 0.5 E	25.8 ± 0.3 D	4.2 ± 0.1 B,C*	–	1.70 ± 0.01 C	4.2 ± 0.1 D*	–
TRS-aggregate	Starch	29.5 ± 1.8 d	29.5 ± 0.7 e	41.0 ± 2.5 c	38.3 ± 2.6 c	1.00 ± 0.03 b	42.7 ± 0.1 c	40.0 ± 0.2 c
TRS-aggregate	Amylopectin	31.6 ± 1.3 D	27.3 ± 1.2 D	2.7 ± 0.1 A*	–	1.16 ± 0.01 B	2.6 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-elongated	Starch	11.4 ± 0.1 b	21.6 ± 1.1 b,c	67.0 ± 1.0 e	62.4 ± 1.7 e	0.53 ± 0.03 a	67.2 ± 1.2 e	64.5 ± 1.3 e
TRS-elongated	Amylopectin	11.6 ± 0.2B	21.4 ± 0.7 C	4.6 ± 0.8 C*	–	0.54 ± 0.01 A	2.7 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-hollow	Starch	7.5 ± 1.1 a	15.1 ± 0.3 a	77.4 ± 0.8 f	74.9 ± 1.1 f	0.50 ± 0.08 a	78.6 ± 0.9 f	76.7 ± 1.0 f
TRS-hollow	Amylopectin	6.7 ± 0.6 A	15.9 ± 0.3 A	2.5 ± 0.3 A*	–	0.42 ± 0.03 A	1.9 ± 0.1 A*	–

Kernals	Product	2016					2015
Kernals	Product	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 3	TAC	Peak 1/Peak 2	Peak 3	TAC
TQ	Starch	57.3 ± 1.4 f	19.0 ± 0.1 b	23.7 ± 1.3 a	16.5 ± 1.8 a	3.01 ± 0.09 d	25.5 ± 0.1 a	18.2 ± 0.1 a
TQ	Amylopectin	57.6 ± 1.7 F	18.7 ± 0.4 B	7.2 ± 0.6 D*	–	3.07 ± 0.16 D	7.3 ± 0.1 E*	–
TRS	Starch	24.8 ± 0.5 c	23.8 ± 0.7 c,d	51.4 ± 1.2 d	48.5 ± 1.0 d	1.04 ± 0.01 b	58.9 ± 0.8 d	56.6 ± 0.8 d
TRS	Amylopectin	24.0 ± 0.1 C	24.6 ± 1.3 D	2.9 ± 0.2A D*	–	0.98 ± 0.06 B	2.3 ± 0.1 B*	–
TRS-polygonal	Starch	44.7 ± 1.0 e	24.9 ± 1.7 d	30.3 ± 0.7 b	26.1 ± 0.8 b	1.80 ± 0.16 c	30.7 ± 0.2 b	26.5 ± 0.2 b
TRS-polygonal	Amylopectin	43.9 ± 0.5 E	25.8 ± 0.3 D	4.2 ± 0.1 B,C*	–	1.70 ± 0.01 C	4.2 ± 0.1 D*	–
TRS-aggregate	Starch	29.5 ± 1.8 d	29.5 ± 0.7 e	41.0 ± 2.5 c	38.3 ± 2.6 c	1.00 ± 0.03 b	42.7 ± 0.1 c	40.0 ± 0.2 c
TRS-aggregate	Amylopectin	31.6 ± 1.3 D	27.3 ± 1.2 D	2.7 ± 0.1 A*	–	1.16 ± 0.01 B	2.6 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-elongated	Starch	11.4 ± 0.1 b	21.6 ± 1.1 b,c	67.0 ± 1.0 e	62.4 ± 1.7 e	0.53 ± 0.03 a	67.2 ± 1.2 e	64.5 ± 1.3 e
TRS-elongated	Amylopectin	11.6 ± 0.2B	21.4 ± 0.7 C	4.6 ± 0.8 C*	–	0.54 ± 0.01 A	2.7 ± 0.1 C*	–
TRS-hollow	Starch	7.5 ± 1.1 a	15.1 ± 0.3 a	77.4 ± 0.8 f	74.9 ± 1.1 f	0.50 ± 0.08 a	78.6 ± 0.9 f	76.7 ± 1.0 f
TRS-hollow	Amylopectin	6.7 ± 0.6 A	15.9 ± 0.3 A	2.5 ± 0.3 A*	–	0.42 ± 0.03 A	1.9 ± 0.1 A*	–

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only