Results of Regression Models Estimating the Risk of Severity Outcomes in Children and Adults Hospitalized in Quebec With Human Coronavirus Versus Influenza Infections (2011–2012 to 2018–2019)
| . | HCoV vs Influenza Infectiona . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome . | Patients, No.a . | Crude OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment Variablesb . |
| Children | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.12 (.96–1.30) | 1.12 (.94– 1.32) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,e vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.90 (.67–1.20) | 0.90 (.60–1.36) | Age, sex, year,d comorbid condition, vaccinationd |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.11 (.68–1.82) | 1.08 (.69–1.69) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,d,e vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.47 (.16–1.42) | Not available | Adjusted model did not converge |
| Adults | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1719 | 1.04 (.91–1.18) | 1.07 (.89–1.29) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1561 | 1.02 (.89–1.18) | 1.05 (.89–1.25) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1720 | 1.08 (.78–1.48) | 1.14 (.75–1.71) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1562 | 1.14 (.81–1.61) | 1.17 (.76–1.81) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition, influenza vaccinationd |
| ICU admissionf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.16 (.69–1.95) | 0.96 (.55–1.68) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.16 (.67–2.01) | 0.98 (.57–1.69) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| In-hospital deathf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.52 (.78–2.93) | 1.42 (.92–2.17) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.41 (.68–2.90) | 1.27 (.83–1.95) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| . | HCoV vs Influenza Infectiona . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome . | Patients, No.a . | Crude OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment Variablesb . |
| Children | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.12 (.96–1.30) | 1.12 (.94– 1.32) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,e vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.90 (.67–1.20) | 0.90 (.60–1.36) | Age, sex, year,d comorbid condition, vaccinationd |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.11 (.68–1.82) | 1.08 (.69–1.69) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,d,e vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.47 (.16–1.42) | Not available | Adjusted model did not converge |
| Adults | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1719 | 1.04 (.91–1.18) | 1.07 (.89–1.29) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1561 | 1.02 (.89–1.18) | 1.05 (.89–1.25) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1720 | 1.08 (.78–1.48) | 1.14 (.75–1.71) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1562 | 1.14 (.81–1.61) | 1.17 (.76–1.81) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition, influenza vaccinationd |
| ICU admissionf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.16 (.69–1.95) | 0.96 (.55–1.68) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.16 (.67–2.01) | 0.98 (.57–1.69) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| In-hospital deathf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.52 (.78–2.93) | 1.42 (.92–2.17) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.41 (.68–2.90) | 1.27 (.83–1.95) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HCoV, common human coronavirus; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; LTCF, long-term care facility; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio for LOS.
aThirty-nine patients with coronavirus-influenza coinfection were excluded from the analyses.
bCategories are as follows: age in children: 6–23 months, 2–4 years, or 5–17 years; age in adults, 18–64, 65–74, 75–84, or ≥85 years; admission: community-dwelling versus admission from LTCF/other; comorbid conditions in in children: present or absent; comorbid conditions in adults: none, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, both cardiovascular and respiratory disease, or other comorbid condition (obesity, diabetes, chronic renal disease, immunodeficiency, or neurological disease); influenza vaccination status: vaccinated, not vaccinated or unknown vaccination status or timing.
cAnalyses performed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation matrix for hospital of recruitment, negative binomial distribution, and log link.
dSignificant association with outcome (P < .05).
eCoinfection other than HCoV/influenza.
fAnalyses performed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation matrix for hospital of recruitment, binomial distribution, and logit link.
Results of Regression Models Estimating the Risk of Severity Outcomes in Children and Adults Hospitalized in Quebec With Human Coronavirus Versus Influenza Infections (2011–2012 to 2018–2019)
| . | HCoV vs Influenza Infectiona . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome . | Patients, No.a . | Crude OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment Variablesb . |
| Children | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.12 (.96–1.30) | 1.12 (.94– 1.32) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,e vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.90 (.67–1.20) | 0.90 (.60–1.36) | Age, sex, year,d comorbid condition, vaccinationd |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.11 (.68–1.82) | 1.08 (.69–1.69) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,d,e vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.47 (.16–1.42) | Not available | Adjusted model did not converge |
| Adults | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1719 | 1.04 (.91–1.18) | 1.07 (.89–1.29) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1561 | 1.02 (.89–1.18) | 1.05 (.89–1.25) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1720 | 1.08 (.78–1.48) | 1.14 (.75–1.71) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1562 | 1.14 (.81–1.61) | 1.17 (.76–1.81) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition, influenza vaccinationd |
| ICU admissionf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.16 (.69–1.95) | 0.96 (.55–1.68) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.16 (.67–2.01) | 0.98 (.57–1.69) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| In-hospital deathf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.52 (.78–2.93) | 1.42 (.92–2.17) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.41 (.68–2.90) | 1.27 (.83–1.95) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| . | HCoV vs Influenza Infectiona . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome . | Patients, No.a . | Crude OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR/RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment Variablesb . |
| Children | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.12 (.96–1.30) | 1.12 (.94– 1.32) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,e vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.90 (.67–1.20) | 0.90 (.60–1.36) | Age, sex, year,d comorbid condition, vaccinationd |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 372 | 1.11 (.68–1.82) | 1.08 (.69–1.69) | Age,d sex, year,d comorbid condition, coinfection,d,e vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 211 | 0.47 (.16–1.42) | Not available | Adjusted model did not converge |
| Adults | ||||
| LOSc | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1719 | 1.04 (.91–1.18) | 1.07 (.89–1.29) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1561 | 1.02 (.89–1.18) | 1.05 (.89–1.25) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| Pneumoniaf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1720 | 1.08 (.78–1.48) | 1.14 (.75–1.71) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccinationd |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1562 | 1.14 (.81–1.61) | 1.17 (.76–1.81) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF,d comorbid condition, influenza vaccinationd |
| ICU admissionf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.16 (.69–1.95) | 0.96 (.55–1.68) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.16 (.67–2.01) | 0.98 (.57–1.69) | Age,d sex,d year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
| In-hospital deathf | ||||
| HCoV and influenza coinfections included as covariate | 1721 | 1.52 (.78–2.93) | 1.42 (.92–2.17) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d coinfection,e influenza vaccination |
| Restricted to monoinfections | 1563 | 1.41 (.68–2.90) | 1.27 (.83–1.95) | Age,d sex, year,d admitted from LTCF, comorbid condition,d influenza vaccination |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HCoV, common human coronavirus; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; LTCF, long-term care facility; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio for LOS.
aThirty-nine patients with coronavirus-influenza coinfection were excluded from the analyses.
bCategories are as follows: age in children: 6–23 months, 2–4 years, or 5–17 years; age in adults, 18–64, 65–74, 75–84, or ≥85 years; admission: community-dwelling versus admission from LTCF/other; comorbid conditions in in children: present or absent; comorbid conditions in adults: none, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, both cardiovascular and respiratory disease, or other comorbid condition (obesity, diabetes, chronic renal disease, immunodeficiency, or neurological disease); influenza vaccination status: vaccinated, not vaccinated or unknown vaccination status or timing.
cAnalyses performed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation matrix for hospital of recruitment, negative binomial distribution, and log link.
dSignificant association with outcome (P < .05).
eCoinfection other than HCoV/influenza.
fAnalyses performed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation matrix for hospital of recruitment, binomial distribution, and logit link.
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