Table 3. Open in new tab Associations...

	Chronic insufficient sleep	Chronic unrestful sleep	Insomnia	Sleep duration < 8 h
Presence of sleep deficiency variable
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.2	1.1–1.4**	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.1	0.9–1.3
Model covariates
Age at Wave 1	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Female	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***
Race and ethnicity
White	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Black	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***
Hispanic	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***
Other	0.7	0.5–0.9***	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9***
Health reported as fair-poor
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6
Chronic pain
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.1	0.9–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4
High depressive score
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.6	1.3	1.0–1.7*
Adverse childhood events
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***
Any substance use at baseline
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***

Chronic insufficient sleep

Chronic unrestful sleep

Insomnia

Sleep duration < 8 h

Variables

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Presence of sleep deficiency variable

1.0

Yes

1.2

1.1–1.5*

1.2

1.1–1.4**

1.2

1.1–1.5*

1.1

0.9–1.3

Model covariates

Age at Wave 1

0.8

0.8–0.9***

0.8

0.8–0.9***

0.8

0.8–0.9***

0.8

0.8–0.9***

Sex

Male

1.0

Female

0.6

0.5–0.7***

0.6

0.5–0.7***

0.6

0.5–0.7***

0.6

0.5–0.7***

Race and ethnicity

White

1.0

Black

0.2

0.1–0.2***

0.2

0.1–0.2***

0.2

0.1–0.2***

0.2

0.1–0.2***

Hispanic

0.5

0.4–0.6***

0.5

0.4–0.6***

0.5

0.4–0.6***

0.5

0.4–0.6***

Other

0.7

0.5–0.9***

0.7

0.5–0.9**

0.7

0.5–0.9**

0.7

0.5–0.9***

Health reported as fair-poor

1.0

Yes

1.2

0.9–1.6

1.2

0.9–1.6

1.2

0.9–1.6

1.2

0.9–1.6

Chronic pain

1.0

Yes

1.2

1.0–1.4

1.1

0.9–1.4

1.2

1.0–1.4

1.2

1.0–1.4

High depressive score

1.0

Yes

1.3

1.0–1.7

1.3

1.0–1.7

1.3

1.0–1.6

1.3

1.0–1.7*

Adverse childhood events

1.0

Yes

1.4

1.2–1.6***

1.4

1.2–1.7***

1.4

1.2–1.6***

1.4

1.2–1.7***

Any substance use at baseline

1.0

Yes

2.5

2.2–2.9***

2.5

2.2–2.9***

2.5

2.2–2.9***

2.5

2.2–2.9***

	Chronic insufficient sleep	Chronic unrestful sleep	Insomnia	Sleep duration < 8 h
Presence of sleep deficiency variable
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.2	1.1–1.4**	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.1	0.9–1.3
Model covariates
Age at Wave 1	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Female	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***
Race and ethnicity
White	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Black	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***
Hispanic	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***
Other	0.7	0.5–0.9***	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9***
Health reported as fair-poor
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6
Chronic pain
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.1	0.9–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4
High depressive score
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.6	1.3	1.0–1.7*
Adverse childhood events
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***
Any substance use at baseline
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Associations between each individually measured sleep variable (chronic insufficient sleep, chronic unrestful sleep, insomnia, and sleep duration <8 h) during adolescence and the development of prescription opioid misuse in adulthood

	Chronic insufficient sleep		Chronic unrestful sleep		Insomnia		Sleep duration < 8 h
Variables	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Presence of sleep deficiency variable
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.2	1.1–1.4**	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.1	0.9–1.3
Model covariates
Age at Wave 1	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Female	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***
Race and ethnicity
White	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Black	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***
Hispanic	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***
Other	0.7	0.5–0.9***	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9***
Health reported as fair-poor
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6
Chronic pain
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.1	0.9–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4
High depressive score
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.6	1.3	1.0–1.7*
Adverse childhood events
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***
Any substance use at baseline
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***

	Chronic insufficient sleep		Chronic unrestful sleep		Insomnia		Sleep duration < 8 h
Variables	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Presence of sleep deficiency variable
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.2	1.1–1.4**	1.2	1.1–1.5*	1.1	0.9–1.3
Model covariates
Age at Wave 1	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***	0.8	0.8–0.9***
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Female	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***	0.6	0.5–0.7***
Race and ethnicity
White	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Black	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***	0.2	0.1–0.2***
Hispanic	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***	0.5	0.4–0.6***
Other	0.7	0.5–0.9***	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9**	0.7	0.5–0.9***
Health reported as fair-poor
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6
Chronic pain
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.1	0.9–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4
High depressive score
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.7	1.3	1.0–1.6	1.3	1.0–1.7*
Adverse childhood events
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***	1.4	1.2–1.6***	1.4	1.2–1.7***
Any substance use at baseline
No	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Yes	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***	2.5	2.2–2.9***

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Each column presents the results of multivariate model examining association between that single sleep deficiency measure and prescription opioid misuse. Multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, race & ethnicity, general health, chronic pain, depressive symptoms, adverse childhood events, and any substance use at baseline.

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.

***p < 0.001 in adjusted logistic regression analyses.

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