Table 3. Open in new tab Parameter...

Externalizing

Depression

Anxiety

Intercept (childhood sleep–wake problem at age 9) on

Race

2.17***

1.87**

1.71**

Sex

0.18

0.27

0.63

SES

−0.14

−0.21

−0.25

Age

0.31

0.20

zBMI

0.13

0.11

−0.04

Childhood mental health

0.04

0.27***

Outcome (externalizing, depression, or anxiety) on

Intercept(Childhood Sleep–Wake Problem at Age 9)

0.83**

0.85***

1.07**

Race

−5.38***

−4.93***

−6.89***

Sex

1.17

−3.63***

−5.10***

SES

−0.88

−0.54

0.01

Age

0.33

−0.30

−0.56

zBMI

0.18

−0.17

−0.82

Childhood mental health

0.20*

0.21

0.04

Sleep at age 18

0.17

0.23

0.22

Means (µ)

Intercept

18.58***

18.51***

18.50***

Slope

−0.78***

−0.74***

−0.73***

Variances (σ²)

Intercept

10.00***

8.70***

6.41***

Slope

0.41

0.49

0.37

Fit indices

χ²

14.84

21.43

20.65

χ²/df

0.59

0.85

0.83

RMSEA

0.00

CFI

1.00

R ² (f²)

0.13* (0.15)

0.22*** (0.28)

0.41*** (0.69)

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Parameter estimates for associations between sleep–wake problems in childhood (age 9 through 11) and mental health in adolescence (age 18)

	Externalizing	Depression	Anxiety
Intercept (childhood sleep–wake problem at age 9) on
Race	2.17***	1.87**	1.71**
Sex	0.18	0.27	0.63
SES	−0.14	−0.21	−0.25
Age	0.31	0.31	0.20
zBMI	0.13	0.11	−0.04
Childhood mental health	0.04	0.27***	0.27***
Outcome (externalizing, depression, or anxiety) on
Intercept(Childhood Sleep–Wake Problem at Age 9)	0.83**	0.85***	1.07**
Race	−5.38***	−4.93***	−6.89***
Sex	1.17	−3.63***	−5.10***
SES	−0.88	−0.54	0.01
Age	0.33	−0.30	−0.56
zBMI	0.18	−0.17	−0.82
Childhood mental health	0.20*	0.21	0.04
Sleep at age 18	0.17	0.23	0.22
Means (µ)
Intercept	18.58***	18.51***	18.50***
Slope	−0.78***	−0.74***	−0.73***
Variances (σ²)
Intercept	10.00***	8.70***	6.41***
Slope	0.41	0.49	0.37
Fit indices
χ²	14.84	21.43	20.65
df	25	25	25
χ²/df	0.59	0.85	0.83
RMSEA	0.00	0.00	0.00
CFI	1.00	1.00	1.00
R ² (f²)	0.13* (0.15)	0.22*** (0.28)	0.41*** (0.69)

	Externalizing	Depression	Anxiety
Intercept (childhood sleep–wake problem at age 9) on
Race	2.17***	1.87**	1.71**
Sex	0.18	0.27	0.63
SES	−0.14	−0.21	−0.25
Age	0.31	0.31	0.20
zBMI	0.13	0.11	−0.04
Childhood mental health	0.04	0.27***	0.27***
Outcome (externalizing, depression, or anxiety) on
Intercept(Childhood Sleep–Wake Problem at Age 9)	0.83**	0.85***	1.07**
Race	−5.38***	−4.93***	−6.89***
Sex	1.17	−3.63***	−5.10***
SES	−0.88	−0.54	0.01
Age	0.33	−0.30	−0.56
zBMI	0.18	−0.17	−0.82
Childhood mental health	0.20*	0.21	0.04
Sleep at age 18	0.17	0.23	0.22
Means (µ)
Intercept	18.58***	18.51***	18.50***
Slope	−0.78***	−0.74***	−0.73***
Variances (σ²)
Intercept	10.00***	8.70***	6.41***
Slope	0.41	0.49	0.37
Fit indices
χ²	14.84	21.43	20.65
df	25	25	25
χ²/df	0.59	0.85	0.83
RMSEA	0.00	0.00	0.00
CFI	1.00	1.00	1.00
R ² (f²)	0.13* (0.15)	0.22*** (0.28)	0.41*** (0.69)

Unstandardized parameter estimates. Intercept, the intercept of sleep–wake problems at age 9. Race was coded as 0 = White, 1 = Black; sex was coded as 0 = female, 1 = male. SES, socioeconomic status; zBMI, standardized body mass index; Childhood Mental Health, averaged scores on externalizing behaviors, depressive symptoms, or anxiety from age 9 to 11. Adolescents’ race, sex, age, and body mass index, family SES, childhood mental health from age 9 to 11, and sleep–wake problems at age 18 were included in the model as covariates. RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; CFI, comparative fit index. f², Cohen’s effect size: f² ≥ 0.02 (small), f² ≥ 0.15 (medium), and f²≥ 0.35 (large). Bold indicates the coefficients of the associations that pertain to our hypotheses.

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.

***p < 0.001.

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