Table 1 Open in new tab Demographic and...

	Healthy participants	Clinical patients
No. Subjects	800	109	—	30	26	19	—	—
Age range (years)	50–89	50–83	—	50–78	50–66	61–78	—	—
Age (years)	62.3 ± 8.7	62.0 ± 7.6	0.719^a	61.5 ± 8.2	56.0 ± 4.5	72.6 ± 5.8	<0.001^{b, *}	AD > Testing, MDD > SCZ^*
Sex (Male/Female)	371/429	52/57	0.794^c	13/17	12/14	6/13	0.626^d	—
Education (years)	8.5 ± 5.2	8.7 ± 5.0	0.652^a	11.1 ± 4.3	12.0 ± 4.4	7.6 ± 4.5	<0.001^b,*	SCZ > Testing, AD^*
EFC index	0.55 ± 0.02	0.55 ± 0.03	0.676^e	0.55 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02	<0.001^{f, *}	AD > Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
MMSE	27.0 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 2.6	0.292^e	26.3 ± 3.9	27.0 ± 3.1	19.5 ± 4.8	<0.001^{f, *}	AD < Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
HDRS	—	—	—	9.4 ± 7.4	—	—	—	—
PANSS Positive scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.4	—	—	—
PANSS Negative scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.0	—	—	—
PANSS General Psychopathology scale	—	—	—	—	23.0 ± 7.7	—	—	—
PANSS Total scale	—	—	—	—	43.9 ± 12.7	—	—	—

Healthy participants

Clinical patients

Training

Testing

MDD

SCZ

Posthoc test

No. Subjects

800

109

—

Age range (years)

50–89

50–83

—

50–78

50–66

61–78

—

Age (years)

62.3 ± 8.7

62.0 ± 7.6

0.719^a

61.5 ± 8.2

56.0 ± 4.5

72.6 ± 5.8

<0.001^{b, *}

AD > Testing, MDD > SCZ^*

Sex (Male/Female)

371/429

52/57

0.794^c

13/17

12/14

6/13

0.626^d

—

Education (years)

8.5 ± 5.2

8.7 ± 5.0

0.652^a

11.1 ± 4.3

12.0 ± 4.4

7.6 ± 4.5

<0.001^b,*

SCZ > Testing, AD^*

EFC index

0.55 ± 0.02

0.55 ± 0.03

0.676^e

0.55 ± 0.03

0.59 ± 0.02

<0.001^{f, *}

AD > Testing, MDD, SCZ^*

MMSE

27.0 ± 2.9

27.4 ± 2.6

0.292^e

26.3 ± 3.9

27.0 ± 3.1

19.5 ± 4.8

<0.001^{f, *}

AD < Testing, MDD, SCZ^*

HDRS

—

9.4 ± 7.4

—

PANSS Positive scale

—

10.4 ± 3.4

—

PANSS Negative scale

—

10.4 ± 3.0

—

PANSS General Psychopathology scale

—

23.0 ± 7.7

—

PANSS Total scale

—

43.9 ± 12.7

—

	Healthy participants	Clinical patients
No. Subjects	800	109	—	30	26	19	—	—
Age range (years)	50–89	50–83	—	50–78	50–66	61–78	—	—
Age (years)	62.3 ± 8.7	62.0 ± 7.6	0.719^a	61.5 ± 8.2	56.0 ± 4.5	72.6 ± 5.8	<0.001^{b, *}	AD > Testing, MDD > SCZ^*
Sex (Male/Female)	371/429	52/57	0.794^c	13/17	12/14	6/13	0.626^d	—
Education (years)	8.5 ± 5.2	8.7 ± 5.0	0.652^a	11.1 ± 4.3	12.0 ± 4.4	7.6 ± 4.5	<0.001^b,*	SCZ > Testing, AD^*
EFC index	0.55 ± 0.02	0.55 ± 0.03	0.676^e	0.55 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02	<0.001^{f, *}	AD > Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
MMSE	27.0 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 2.6	0.292^e	26.3 ± 3.9	27.0 ± 3.1	19.5 ± 4.8	<0.001^{f, *}	AD < Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
HDRS	—	—	—	9.4 ± 7.4	—	—	—	—
PANSS Positive scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.4	—	—	—
PANSS Negative scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.0	—	—	—
PANSS General Psychopathology scale	—	—	—	—	23.0 ± 7.7	—	—	—
PANSS Total scale	—	—	—	—	43.9 ± 12.7	—	—	—

Table 1

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Demographic and clinical profiles of healthy participants and patients with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders

	Healthy participants			Clinical patients
	Training	Testing	P	MDD	SCZ	AD	P	Posthoc test
No. Subjects	800	109	—	30	26	19	—	—
Age range (years)	50–89	50–83	—	50–78	50–66	61–78	—	—
Age (years)	62.3 ± 8.7	62.0 ± 7.6	0.719^a	61.5 ± 8.2	56.0 ± 4.5	72.6 ± 5.8	<0.001^{b, *}	AD > Testing, MDD > SCZ^*
Sex (Male/Female)	371/429	52/57	0.794^c	13/17	12/14	6/13	0.626^d	—
Education (years)	8.5 ± 5.2	8.7 ± 5.0	0.652^a	11.1 ± 4.3	12.0 ± 4.4	7.6 ± 4.5	<0.001^b,*	SCZ > Testing, AD^*
EFC index	0.55 ± 0.02	0.55 ± 0.03	0.676^e	0.55 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02	<0.001^{f, *}	AD > Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
MMSE	27.0 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 2.6	0.292^e	26.3 ± 3.9	27.0 ± 3.1	19.5 ± 4.8	<0.001^{f, *}	AD < Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
HDRS	—	—	—	9.4 ± 7.4	—	—	—	—
PANSS Positive scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.4	—	—	—
PANSS Negative scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.0	—	—	—
PANSS General Psychopathology scale	—	—	—	—	23.0 ± 7.7	—	—	—
PANSS Total scale	—	—	—	—	43.9 ± 12.7	—	—	—

	Healthy participants			Clinical patients
	Training	Testing	P	MDD	SCZ	AD	P	Posthoc test
No. Subjects	800	109	—	30	26	19	—	—
Age range (years)	50–89	50–83	—	50–78	50–66	61–78	—	—
Age (years)	62.3 ± 8.7	62.0 ± 7.6	0.719^a	61.5 ± 8.2	56.0 ± 4.5	72.6 ± 5.8	<0.001^{b, *}	AD > Testing, MDD > SCZ^*
Sex (Male/Female)	371/429	52/57	0.794^c	13/17	12/14	6/13	0.626^d	—
Education (years)	8.5 ± 5.2	8.7 ± 5.0	0.652^a	11.1 ± 4.3	12.0 ± 4.4	7.6 ± 4.5	<0.001^b,*	SCZ > Testing, AD^*
EFC index	0.55 ± 0.02	0.55 ± 0.03	0.676^e	0.55 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02	<0.001^{f, *}	AD > Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
MMSE	27.0 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 2.6	0.292^e	26.3 ± 3.9	27.0 ± 3.1	19.5 ± 4.8	<0.001^{f, *}	AD < Testing, MDD, SCZ^*
HDRS	—	—	—	9.4 ± 7.4	—	—	—	—
PANSS Positive scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.4	—	—	—
PANSS Negative scale	—	—	—	—	10.4 ± 3.0	—	—	—
PANSS General Psychopathology scale	—	—	—	—	23.0 ± 7.7	—	—	—
PANSS Total scale	—	—	—	—	43.9 ± 12.7	—	—	—

^*Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05.

^aTwo-sample student t test between training and testing dataset.

^bANOVA test among clinical and testing dataset.

^cChi-square test between training and testing dataset.

^dChi-square test among clinical and testing dataset.

^eANCOVA test between training and testing dataset after adjustment for age and sex.

^fANCOVA test among clinical and testing dataset after adjustment for age and sex.

Note: Data are demonstrated as means ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; EFC, Entropy focus criterion; HDRS, Hamilton depression rating scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; and SCZ, schizophrenia.

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