Table 2
Open in new tab

Predictors of performance on circle-tracing and serial subtraction task in FAD and Insight 46 participants

PredictorFAD participants (n = 31)
Insight 46 participants (n = 390)
Number of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsdNumber of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsd
coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)
Condition
(direct as reference)		0.49**
(0.44, 0.54)
P < 0.0001		0.18**
(0.06, 0.31)
P = 0.004		0.02
(−0.00, 0.04)
P = 0.084		0.43
(0.18, 1.04)
P = 0.060		0.55**
(0.54, 0.56)
P < 0.0001		0.16**
(0.11, 0.21)
P < 0.0001		−0.04**
(−0.04, −0.03)
P < 0.0001		1.09
(0.94, 1.25)
P = 0.25
Task (single as reference)0.83**
(0.77, 0.90)
P < 0.0001		−0.17**
(−0.24, −0.10)
P < 0.0001
Sex (female as reference)1.15
(0.79, 1.67)
P = 0.46		0.04
(−0.17, 0.26)
P = 0.70		−0.03
(−0.18, 0.12)
P = 0.67		1.13
(0.44, 2.91)
P = 0.81		1.01
(0.87, 1.18)
P = 0.90		−0.06
(−0.15, 0.04)
P = 0.27		0.09**
(0.05, 0.13)
P < 0.0001		1.18
(0.79, 1.76)
P = 0.42
Age (per year)0.98
(0.96, 1.01)
P = 0.22		−0.01
(−0.03, 0.01)
P = 0.38		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.95		0.97
(0.91, 1.04)
P = 0.38		1.15**
(1.05, 1.27)
P = 0.004		0.05
(−0.00, 0.11)
P = 0.074		0.02
(−0.01, 0.04)
P = 0.15		1.06
(0.83, 1.36)
P = 0.63
Education (per year)0.92*
(0.86, 0.98)
P = 0.014		−0.04
(−0.08, 0.00)
P = 0.051		0.00
(−0.02, 0.03)
P = 0.64		1.10
(0.90, 1.35)
P = 0.33		0.97
(0.94, 1.01)
P = 0.14		−0.02
(−0.04, 0.01)
P = 0.14		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.58		0.89*
(0.80, 0.98)
P = 0.023
Mutation status
(non-carrier as reference)		1.02
(0.72, 1.46)
P = 0.90		0.30*
(0.06, 0.53)
P = 0.013		−0.18*
(−0.33, −0.04)
P = 0.015		1.74
(0.57, 5.36)
P = 0.33
Amyloid statuse
(negative as reference)		1.05
(0.90, 1.22)
P = 0.55		0.10
(−0.01, 0.20)
P = 0.066		−0.06**
(−0.09, −0.02)
P = 0.004		1.25
(0.87, 1.79)
P = 0.22
WMHV (per 10 ml)0.90
(0.81, 1.00)
P = 0.055		0.03
(−0.05, 0.10)
P = 0.46		-0.02
(−0.05, 0.00)
P = 0.11		1.22
(0.93, 1.60)
P = 0.15
Whole-brain volume
(per 10 ml)		1.02**
(1.01, 1.04)
P = 0.002		−0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.91		0.004*
(0.001, 0.007)
P = 0.016		1.00
(0.97, 1.03)
P = 0.87
Childhood cognitive ability
(per Z-score)		0.97
(0.89, 1.06)
P = 0.53		−0.06
(−0.12, 0.00)
P = 0.052		0.05**
(0.02, 0.07)
P < 0.0001		0.71**
(0.59, 0.87)
P = 0.001
Socioeconomic position
(manual as reference)		1.12
(0.93, 1.34)
P = 0.24		−0.03
(−0.15, 0.08)
P = 0.55		0.04*
(0.00, 0.08)
P = 0.043		1.17
(0.76, 1.78)
P = 0.48
APOE-ε4
(non-carriers as reference)		1.00
(0.87, 1.16)
P = 0.95		−0.02
(−0.12,0.07)
P = 0.62		0.01
(−0.02, 0.05)
P = 0.48		0.80
(0.60, 1.08)
P = 0.15
PredictorFAD participants (n = 31)
Insight 46 participants (n = 390)
Number of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsdNumber of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsd
coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)
Condition
(direct as reference)		0.49**
(0.44, 0.54)
P < 0.0001		0.18**
(0.06, 0.31)
P = 0.004		0.02
(−0.00, 0.04)
P = 0.084		0.43
(0.18, 1.04)
P = 0.060		0.55**
(0.54, 0.56)
P < 0.0001		0.16**
(0.11, 0.21)
P < 0.0001		−0.04**
(−0.04, −0.03)
P < 0.0001		1.09
(0.94, 1.25)
P = 0.25
Task (single as reference)0.83**
(0.77, 0.90)
P < 0.0001		−0.17**
(−0.24, −0.10)
P < 0.0001
Sex (female as reference)1.15
(0.79, 1.67)
P = 0.46		0.04
(−0.17, 0.26)
P = 0.70		−0.03
(−0.18, 0.12)
P = 0.67		1.13
(0.44, 2.91)
P = 0.81		1.01
(0.87, 1.18)
P = 0.90		−0.06
(−0.15, 0.04)
P = 0.27		0.09**
(0.05, 0.13)
P < 0.0001		1.18
(0.79, 1.76)
P = 0.42
Age (per year)0.98
(0.96, 1.01)
P = 0.22		−0.01
(−0.03, 0.01)
P = 0.38		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.95		0.97
(0.91, 1.04)
P = 0.38		1.15**
(1.05, 1.27)
P = 0.004		0.05
(−0.00, 0.11)
P = 0.074		0.02
(−0.01, 0.04)
P = 0.15		1.06
(0.83, 1.36)
P = 0.63
Education (per year)0.92*
(0.86, 0.98)
P = 0.014		−0.04
(−0.08, 0.00)
P = 0.051		0.00
(−0.02, 0.03)
P = 0.64		1.10
(0.90, 1.35)
P = 0.33		0.97
(0.94, 1.01)
P = 0.14		−0.02
(−0.04, 0.01)
P = 0.14		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.58		0.89*
(0.80, 0.98)
P = 0.023
Mutation status
(non-carrier as reference)		1.02
(0.72, 1.46)
P = 0.90		0.30*
(0.06, 0.53)
P = 0.013		−0.18*
(−0.33, −0.04)
P = 0.015		1.74
(0.57, 5.36)
P = 0.33
Amyloid statuse
(negative as reference)		1.05
(0.90, 1.22)
P = 0.55		0.10
(−0.01, 0.20)
P = 0.066		−0.06**
(−0.09, −0.02)
P = 0.004		1.25
(0.87, 1.79)
P = 0.22
WMHV (per 10 ml)0.90
(0.81, 1.00)
P = 0.055		0.03
(−0.05, 0.10)
P = 0.46		-0.02
(−0.05, 0.00)
P = 0.11		1.22
(0.93, 1.60)
P = 0.15
Whole-brain volume
(per 10 ml)		1.02**
(1.01, 1.04)
P = 0.002		−0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.91		0.004*
(0.001, 0.007)
P = 0.016		1.00
(0.97, 1.03)
P = 0.87
Childhood cognitive ability
(per Z-score)		0.97
(0.89, 1.06)
P = 0.53		−0.06
(−0.12, 0.00)
P = 0.052		0.05**
(0.02, 0.07)
P < 0.0001		0.71**
(0.59, 0.87)
P = 0.001
Socioeconomic position
(manual as reference)		1.12
(0.93, 1.34)
P = 0.24		−0.03
(−0.15, 0.08)
P = 0.55		0.04*
(0.00, 0.08)
P = 0.043		1.17
(0.76, 1.78)
P = 0.48
APOE-ε4
(non-carriers as reference)		1.00
(0.87, 1.16)
P = 0.95		−0.02
(−0.12,0.07)
P = 0.62		0.01
(−0.02, 0.05)
P = 0.48		0.80
(0.60, 1.08)
P = 0.15
*

Significant at P < 0.05.

**

Significant at P < 0.01.

Multivariable regression models were used and hence each association is independent of all others. In addition to the predictors listed, the Insight 46 models also included total intracranial volume and handedness. (Handedness was not applicable to the FAD models since all FAD participants were right-handed.)

FAD, familial Alzheimer’s disease; CI, confidence interval; WMHV, white matter hyperintensity volume.

a

Number of rotations was log-transformed and coefficients are expressed in exponentiated form, e.g. a coefficient of 1.5 would mean 50% more rotations.

b

Number of rotations per rotation was square-root transformed.

c

Subtraction rate is in units of responses per second.

d

Odds ratios >1 reflect higher error rates.

e

The coefficients for amyloid status are essentially unchanged if the model does not adjust for WMHV, whole-brain volume and APOE-ε4.

Table 2
Open in new tab

Predictors of performance on circle-tracing and serial subtraction task in FAD and Insight 46 participants

PredictorFAD participants (n = 31)
Insight 46 participants (n = 390)
Number of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsdNumber of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsd
coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)
Condition
(direct as reference)		0.49**
(0.44, 0.54)
P < 0.0001		0.18**
(0.06, 0.31)
P = 0.004		0.02
(−0.00, 0.04)
P = 0.084		0.43
(0.18, 1.04)
P = 0.060		0.55**
(0.54, 0.56)
P < 0.0001		0.16**
(0.11, 0.21)
P < 0.0001		−0.04**
(−0.04, −0.03)
P < 0.0001		1.09
(0.94, 1.25)
P = 0.25
Task (single as reference)0.83**
(0.77, 0.90)
P < 0.0001		−0.17**
(−0.24, −0.10)
P < 0.0001
Sex (female as reference)1.15
(0.79, 1.67)
P = 0.46		0.04
(−0.17, 0.26)
P = 0.70		−0.03
(−0.18, 0.12)
P = 0.67		1.13
(0.44, 2.91)
P = 0.81		1.01
(0.87, 1.18)
P = 0.90		−0.06
(−0.15, 0.04)
P = 0.27		0.09**
(0.05, 0.13)
P < 0.0001		1.18
(0.79, 1.76)
P = 0.42
Age (per year)0.98
(0.96, 1.01)
P = 0.22		−0.01
(−0.03, 0.01)
P = 0.38		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.95		0.97
(0.91, 1.04)
P = 0.38		1.15**
(1.05, 1.27)
P = 0.004		0.05
(−0.00, 0.11)
P = 0.074		0.02
(−0.01, 0.04)
P = 0.15		1.06
(0.83, 1.36)
P = 0.63
Education (per year)0.92*
(0.86, 0.98)
P = 0.014		−0.04
(−0.08, 0.00)
P = 0.051		0.00
(−0.02, 0.03)
P = 0.64		1.10
(0.90, 1.35)
P = 0.33		0.97
(0.94, 1.01)
P = 0.14		−0.02
(−0.04, 0.01)
P = 0.14		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.58		0.89*
(0.80, 0.98)
P = 0.023
Mutation status
(non-carrier as reference)		1.02
(0.72, 1.46)
P = 0.90		0.30*
(0.06, 0.53)
P = 0.013		−0.18*
(−0.33, −0.04)
P = 0.015		1.74
(0.57, 5.36)
P = 0.33
Amyloid statuse
(negative as reference)		1.05
(0.90, 1.22)
P = 0.55		0.10
(−0.01, 0.20)
P = 0.066		−0.06**
(−0.09, −0.02)
P = 0.004		1.25
(0.87, 1.79)
P = 0.22
WMHV (per 10 ml)0.90
(0.81, 1.00)
P = 0.055		0.03
(−0.05, 0.10)
P = 0.46		-0.02
(−0.05, 0.00)
P = 0.11		1.22
(0.93, 1.60)
P = 0.15
Whole-brain volume
(per 10 ml)		1.02**
(1.01, 1.04)
P = 0.002		−0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.91		0.004*
(0.001, 0.007)
P = 0.016		1.00
(0.97, 1.03)
P = 0.87
Childhood cognitive ability
(per Z-score)		0.97
(0.89, 1.06)
P = 0.53		−0.06
(−0.12, 0.00)
P = 0.052		0.05**
(0.02, 0.07)
P < 0.0001		0.71**
(0.59, 0.87)
P = 0.001
Socioeconomic position
(manual as reference)		1.12
(0.93, 1.34)
P = 0.24		−0.03
(−0.15, 0.08)
P = 0.55		0.04*
(0.00, 0.08)
P = 0.043		1.17
(0.76, 1.78)
P = 0.48
APOE-ε4
(non-carriers as reference)		1.00
(0.87, 1.16)
P = 0.95		−0.02
(−0.12,0.07)
P = 0.62		0.01
(−0.02, 0.05)
P = 0.48		0.80
(0.60, 1.08)
P = 0.15
PredictorFAD participants (n = 31)
Insight 46 participants (n = 390)
Number of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsdNumber of rotationsaErrors per rotationbSubtraction ratecSubtraction errorsd
coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)coefficient (95% CIs)OR (95% CIs)
Condition
(direct as reference)		0.49**
(0.44, 0.54)
P < 0.0001		0.18**
(0.06, 0.31)
P = 0.004		0.02
(−0.00, 0.04)
P = 0.084		0.43
(0.18, 1.04)
P = 0.060		0.55**
(0.54, 0.56)
P < 0.0001		0.16**
(0.11, 0.21)
P < 0.0001		−0.04**
(−0.04, −0.03)
P < 0.0001		1.09
(0.94, 1.25)
P = 0.25
Task (single as reference)0.83**
(0.77, 0.90)
P < 0.0001		−0.17**
(−0.24, −0.10)
P < 0.0001
Sex (female as reference)1.15
(0.79, 1.67)
P = 0.46		0.04
(−0.17, 0.26)
P = 0.70		−0.03
(−0.18, 0.12)
P = 0.67		1.13
(0.44, 2.91)
P = 0.81		1.01
(0.87, 1.18)
P = 0.90		−0.06
(−0.15, 0.04)
P = 0.27		0.09**
(0.05, 0.13)
P < 0.0001		1.18
(0.79, 1.76)
P = 0.42
Age (per year)0.98
(0.96, 1.01)
P = 0.22		−0.01
(−0.03, 0.01)
P = 0.38		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.95		0.97
(0.91, 1.04)
P = 0.38		1.15**
(1.05, 1.27)
P = 0.004		0.05
(−0.00, 0.11)
P = 0.074		0.02
(−0.01, 0.04)
P = 0.15		1.06
(0.83, 1.36)
P = 0.63
Education (per year)0.92*
(0.86, 0.98)
P = 0.014		−0.04
(−0.08, 0.00)
P = 0.051		0.00
(−0.02, 0.03)
P = 0.64		1.10
(0.90, 1.35)
P = 0.33		0.97
(0.94, 1.01)
P = 0.14		−0.02
(−0.04, 0.01)
P = 0.14		0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.58		0.89*
(0.80, 0.98)
P = 0.023
Mutation status
(non-carrier as reference)		1.02
(0.72, 1.46)
P = 0.90		0.30*
(0.06, 0.53)
P = 0.013		−0.18*
(−0.33, −0.04)
P = 0.015		1.74
(0.57, 5.36)
P = 0.33
Amyloid statuse
(negative as reference)		1.05
(0.90, 1.22)
P = 0.55		0.10
(−0.01, 0.20)
P = 0.066		−0.06**
(−0.09, −0.02)
P = 0.004		1.25
(0.87, 1.79)
P = 0.22
WMHV (per 10 ml)0.90
(0.81, 1.00)
P = 0.055		0.03
(−0.05, 0.10)
P = 0.46		-0.02
(−0.05, 0.00)
P = 0.11		1.22
(0.93, 1.60)
P = 0.15
Whole-brain volume
(per 10 ml)		1.02**
(1.01, 1.04)
P = 0.002		−0.00
(−0.01, 0.01)
P = 0.91		0.004*
(0.001, 0.007)
P = 0.016		1.00
(0.97, 1.03)
P = 0.87
Childhood cognitive ability
(per Z-score)		0.97
(0.89, 1.06)
P = 0.53		−0.06
(−0.12, 0.00)
P = 0.052		0.05**
(0.02, 0.07)
P < 0.0001		0.71**
(0.59, 0.87)
P = 0.001
Socioeconomic position
(manual as reference)		1.12
(0.93, 1.34)
P = 0.24		−0.03
(−0.15, 0.08)
P = 0.55		0.04*
(0.00, 0.08)
P = 0.043		1.17
(0.76, 1.78)
P = 0.48
APOE-ε4
(non-carriers as reference)		1.00
(0.87, 1.16)
P = 0.95		−0.02
(−0.12,0.07)
P = 0.62		0.01
(−0.02, 0.05)
P = 0.48		0.80
(0.60, 1.08)
P = 0.15
*

Significant at P < 0.05.

**

Significant at P < 0.01.

Multivariable regression models were used and hence each association is independent of all others. In addition to the predictors listed, the Insight 46 models also included total intracranial volume and handedness. (Handedness was not applicable to the FAD models since all FAD participants were right-handed.)

FAD, familial Alzheimer’s disease; CI, confidence interval; WMHV, white matter hyperintensity volume.

a

Number of rotations was log-transformed and coefficients are expressed in exponentiated form, e.g. a coefficient of 1.5 would mean 50% more rotations.

b

Number of rotations per rotation was square-root transformed.

c

Subtraction rate is in units of responses per second.

d

Odds ratios >1 reflect higher error rates.

e

The coefficients for amyloid status are essentially unchanged if the model does not adjust for WMHV, whole-brain volume and APOE-ε4.

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