Table 1 Open in new tab Baseline...

	Overall (%), 5175	No complication (%) (n = 5075)	Any complication (%) (n = 100)	P-value
Watchman device implantations
Age (years)				0.117
18–49	0.77	0.79	0.00
50–64	7.54	7.59	5.00
65–74	33.04	33.2	25.00
≥75	58.65	58.42	70.00
Gender				0.228
Male	59.13	59.01	65.00
Female	40.87	40.99	35.00
Race				0.063
White	83.09	82.96	90.00
Non-White	16.91	17.04	10.00
Comorbidities^a
Obesity	11.5	11.53	10.00	0.635
Hypertension	83.38	83.65	70.00	0.000
Diabetes	30.82	30.94	25.00	0.203
Heart failure	30.82	30.84	30.00	0.850
Coronary artery disease	48.21	48.28	45.00	0.516
COPD	15.46	15.47	15.00	0.898
CKD stage 3 or more	19.52	19.61	15.00	0.250
Prior CABG	17.87	18.03	10.00	0.038
Hyperthyroidism	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Alcohol disorder	1.06	0.99	5.00	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Prior stroke/TIA	27.92	28.28	10.00	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	8.21	8.18	10.00	0.511
Anaemia	15.36	15.07	30.00	<0.001
Median household income category for patient's zip code^b				0.023
1. 0–25th percentile	17.39	17.54	10.00
2. 26–50th percentile	23.09	22.86	35.00
3. 51–75th percentile	27.54	27.59	25.00
4. 76–100th percentile	30.34	30.34	30.00
Primary payer^c				0.314
Federal insurance	92.35	92.3	95.00
Private insurance	7.65	7.7	5.00
Hospital characteristics
Hospital region				0.015
Northeast	16.71	16.55	25.00
Midwest	19.9	20.1	10.00
South	34.78	34.68	40.00
West	28.6	28.67	25.00
Hospital bed size^d				0.306
Small/medium	30.34	30.25	35.00
Large	69.66	69.75	65.00
Hospital teaching status^e				0.034
Non-teaching	11.79	11.92	5.00
Teaching	88.21	88.08	95.00
Hospital location				0.373
Rural	0.77	0.79	0.00
Urban	99.23	99.21	100.00
Admission type				0.306
Non-elective	11.74	11.67	15.00
Elective	88.26	88.33	85.00
Disposition				<0.001
Home	97	97.54	70.00
Facility/others	2.61	2.36	0.15
In-hospital mortality	0.29	0	0.15
Length of stay (mean ± std err) (days)	1.36 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.04	3.00 ± 0.69	<0.001
Cost of care (mean ± std err) (USD)	25 724 ± 358	25 540 ± 350	35 523 ±5164	0.001

Overall (%), 5175

No complication (%) (n = 5075)

Any complication (%) (n = 100)

P-value

Watchman device implantations

Age (years)

0.117

18–49

0.77

0.79

0.00

50–64

7.54

7.59

5.00

65–74

33.04

33.2

25.00

≥75

58.65

58.42

70.00

Gender

0.228

Male

59.13

59.01

65.00

Female

40.87

40.99

35.00

Race

0.063

White

83.09

82.96

90.00

Non-White

16.91

17.04

10.00

Comorbidities^a

Obesity

11.5

11.53

10.00

0.635

Hypertension

83.38

83.65

70.00

0.000

Diabetes

30.82

30.94

25.00

0.203

Heart failure

30.82

30.84

30.00

0.850

Coronary artery disease

48.21

48.28

45.00

0.516

COPD

15.46

15.47

15.00

0.898

CKD stage 3 or more

19.52

19.61

15.00

0.250

Prior CABG

17.87

18.03

10.00

0.038

Hyperthyroidism

0.19

0.2

0.00

0.657

Alcohol disorder

1.06

0.99

5.00

0.000

Mitral valve stenosis

0.19

0.2

0.00

0.657

Prior stroke/TIA

27.92

28.28

10.00

<0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

8.21

8.18

10.00

0.511

Anaemia

15.36

15.07

30.00

<0.001

Median household income category for patient's zip code^b

0.023

1. 0–25th percentile

17.39

17.54

10.00

2. 26–50th percentile

23.09

22.86

35.00

3. 51–75th percentile

27.54

27.59

25.00

4. 76–100th percentile

30.34

30.00

Primary payer^c

0.314

Federal insurance

92.35

92.3

95.00

Private insurance

7.65

7.7

5.00

Hospital characteristics

Hospital region

0.015

Northeast

16.71

16.55

25.00

Midwest

19.9

20.1

10.00

South

34.78

34.68

40.00

West

28.6

28.67

25.00

Hospital bed size^d

0.306

Small/medium

30.34

30.25

35.00

Large

69.66

69.75

65.00

Hospital teaching status^e

0.034

Non-teaching

11.79

11.92

5.00

Teaching

88.21

88.08

95.00

Hospital location

0.373

Rural

0.77

0.79

0.00

Urban

99.23

99.21

100.00

Admission type

0.306

Non-elective

11.74

11.67

15.00

Elective

88.26

88.33

85.00

Disposition

<0.001

Home

97.54

70.00

Facility/others

2.61

2.36

0.15

In-hospital mortality

0.29

0.15

Length of stay (mean ± std err) (days)

1.36 ± 0.05

1.34 ± 0.04

3.00 ± 0.69

<0.001

Cost of care (mean ± std err) (USD)

25 724 ± 358

25 540 ± 350

35 523 ±5164

0.001

	Overall (%), 5175	No complication (%) (n = 5075)	Any complication (%) (n = 100)	P-value
Watchman device implantations
Age (years)				0.117
18–49	0.77	0.79	0.00
50–64	7.54	7.59	5.00
65–74	33.04	33.2	25.00
≥75	58.65	58.42	70.00
Gender				0.228
Male	59.13	59.01	65.00
Female	40.87	40.99	35.00
Race				0.063
White	83.09	82.96	90.00
Non-White	16.91	17.04	10.00
Comorbidities^a
Obesity	11.5	11.53	10.00	0.635
Hypertension	83.38	83.65	70.00	0.000
Diabetes	30.82	30.94	25.00	0.203
Heart failure	30.82	30.84	30.00	0.850
Coronary artery disease	48.21	48.28	45.00	0.516
COPD	15.46	15.47	15.00	0.898
CKD stage 3 or more	19.52	19.61	15.00	0.250
Prior CABG	17.87	18.03	10.00	0.038
Hyperthyroidism	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Alcohol disorder	1.06	0.99	5.00	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Prior stroke/TIA	27.92	28.28	10.00	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	8.21	8.18	10.00	0.511
Anaemia	15.36	15.07	30.00	<0.001
Median household income category for patient's zip code^b				0.023
1. 0–25th percentile	17.39	17.54	10.00
2. 26–50th percentile	23.09	22.86	35.00
3. 51–75th percentile	27.54	27.59	25.00
4. 76–100th percentile	30.34	30.34	30.00
Primary payer^c				0.314
Federal insurance	92.35	92.3	95.00
Private insurance	7.65	7.7	5.00
Hospital characteristics
Hospital region				0.015
Northeast	16.71	16.55	25.00
Midwest	19.9	20.1	10.00
South	34.78	34.68	40.00
West	28.6	28.67	25.00
Hospital bed size^d				0.306
Small/medium	30.34	30.25	35.00
Large	69.66	69.75	65.00
Hospital teaching status^e				0.034
Non-teaching	11.79	11.92	5.00
Teaching	88.21	88.08	95.00
Hospital location				0.373
Rural	0.77	0.79	0.00
Urban	99.23	99.21	100.00
Admission type				0.306
Non-elective	11.74	11.67	15.00
Elective	88.26	88.33	85.00
Disposition				<0.001
Home	97	97.54	70.00
Facility/others	2.61	2.36	0.15
In-hospital mortality	0.29	0	0.15
Length of stay (mean ± std err) (days)	1.36 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.04	3.00 ± 0.69	<0.001
Cost of care (mean ± std err) (USD)	25 724 ± 358	25 540 ± 350	35 523 ±5164	0.001

Table 1

Open in new tab

Baseline characteristics of the study population

	Overall (%), 5175	No complication (%) (n = 5075)	Any complication (%) (n = 100)	P-value
Watchman device implantations
Age (years)				0.117
18–49	0.77	0.79	0.00
50–64	7.54	7.59	5.00
65–74	33.04	33.2	25.00
≥75	58.65	58.42	70.00
Gender				0.228
Male	59.13	59.01	65.00
Female	40.87	40.99	35.00
Race				0.063
White	83.09	82.96	90.00
Non-White	16.91	17.04	10.00
Comorbidities^a
Obesity	11.5	11.53	10.00	0.635
Hypertension	83.38	83.65	70.00	0.000
Diabetes	30.82	30.94	25.00	0.203
Heart failure	30.82	30.84	30.00	0.850
Coronary artery disease	48.21	48.28	45.00	0.516
COPD	15.46	15.47	15.00	0.898
CKD stage 3 or more	19.52	19.61	15.00	0.250
Prior CABG	17.87	18.03	10.00	0.038
Hyperthyroidism	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Alcohol disorder	1.06	0.99	5.00	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Prior stroke/TIA	27.92	28.28	10.00	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	8.21	8.18	10.00	0.511
Anaemia	15.36	15.07	30.00	<0.001
Median household income category for patient's zip code^b				0.023
1. 0–25th percentile	17.39	17.54	10.00
2. 26–50th percentile	23.09	22.86	35.00
3. 51–75th percentile	27.54	27.59	25.00
4. 76–100th percentile	30.34	30.34	30.00
Primary payer^c				0.314
Federal insurance	92.35	92.3	95.00
Private insurance	7.65	7.7	5.00
Hospital characteristics
Hospital region				0.015
Northeast	16.71	16.55	25.00
Midwest	19.9	20.1	10.00
South	34.78	34.68	40.00
West	28.6	28.67	25.00
Hospital bed size^d				0.306
Small/medium	30.34	30.25	35.00
Large	69.66	69.75	65.00
Hospital teaching status^e				0.034
Non-teaching	11.79	11.92	5.00
Teaching	88.21	88.08	95.00
Hospital location				0.373
Rural	0.77	0.79	0.00
Urban	99.23	99.21	100.00
Admission type				0.306
Non-elective	11.74	11.67	15.00
Elective	88.26	88.33	85.00
Disposition				<0.001
Home	97	97.54	70.00
Facility/others	2.61	2.36	0.15
In-hospital mortality	0.29	0	0.15
Length of stay (mean ± std err) (days)	1.36 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.04	3.00 ± 0.69	<0.001
Cost of care (mean ± std err) (USD)	25 724 ± 358	25 540 ± 350	35 523 ±5164	0.001

	Overall (%), 5175	No complication (%) (n = 5075)	Any complication (%) (n = 100)	P-value
Watchman device implantations
Age (years)				0.117
18–49	0.77	0.79	0.00
50–64	7.54	7.59	5.00
65–74	33.04	33.2	25.00
≥75	58.65	58.42	70.00
Gender				0.228
Male	59.13	59.01	65.00
Female	40.87	40.99	35.00
Race				0.063
White	83.09	82.96	90.00
Non-White	16.91	17.04	10.00
Comorbidities^a
Obesity	11.5	11.53	10.00	0.635
Hypertension	83.38	83.65	70.00	0.000
Diabetes	30.82	30.94	25.00	0.203
Heart failure	30.82	30.84	30.00	0.850
Coronary artery disease	48.21	48.28	45.00	0.516
COPD	15.46	15.47	15.00	0.898
CKD stage 3 or more	19.52	19.61	15.00	0.250
Prior CABG	17.87	18.03	10.00	0.038
Hyperthyroidism	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Alcohol disorder	1.06	0.99	5.00	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis	0.19	0.2	0.00	0.657
Prior stroke/TIA	27.92	28.28	10.00	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	8.21	8.18	10.00	0.511
Anaemia	15.36	15.07	30.00	<0.001
Median household income category for patient's zip code^b				0.023
1. 0–25th percentile	17.39	17.54	10.00
2. 26–50th percentile	23.09	22.86	35.00
3. 51–75th percentile	27.54	27.59	25.00
4. 76–100th percentile	30.34	30.34	30.00
Primary payer^c				0.314
Federal insurance	92.35	92.3	95.00
Private insurance	7.65	7.7	5.00
Hospital characteristics
Hospital region				0.015
Northeast	16.71	16.55	25.00
Midwest	19.9	20.1	10.00
South	34.78	34.68	40.00
West	28.6	28.67	25.00
Hospital bed size^d				0.306
Small/medium	30.34	30.25	35.00
Large	69.66	69.75	65.00
Hospital teaching status^e				0.034
Non-teaching	11.79	11.92	5.00
Teaching	88.21	88.08	95.00
Hospital location				0.373
Rural	0.77	0.79	0.00
Urban	99.23	99.21	100.00
Admission type				0.306
Non-elective	11.74	11.67	15.00
Elective	88.26	88.33	85.00
Disposition				<0.001
Home	97	97.54	70.00
Facility/others	2.61	2.36	0.15
In-hospital mortality	0.29	0	0.15
Length of stay (mean ± std err) (days)	1.36 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.04	3.00 ± 0.69	<0.001
Cost of care (mean ± std err) (USD)	25 724 ± 358	25 540 ± 350	35 523 ±5164	0.001

CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.

All comorbidities were coded using appropriate ICD-10 codes in secondary diagnosis field as per Supplementary material online, Table S1.

A quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patients ZIP Code, derived from ZIP Code-demographic data obtained from Claritas. The quartiles are identified by values of 1–4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges vary by year https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/zipinc_qrtl/nisnote.jsp.

If primary payer were either Medicare or Medicaid, it was defined as federal insurance, all other categories were defined as private insurance https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/pay1/nisnote.jsp.

The bed size cut-off points divided into small, medium, and large have been done so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nisnote.jsp.

A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an AMA-approved residency program, is a member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals (COTH) or has a ratio of full-time equivalent interns and residents to beds of 0.25 or higher https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_locteach/nisnote.jsp.

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