Baseline characteristics of the population according to the diet followed at time of study
| Diet at study . | With protein-free food (0.6) . | Vegan supplemented (0.6) . | vLPD (0.3) . | Other diet (0.6) . | All cases . | P among diets . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 191 | 78 | 15 | 138 | 422 | |
| Males, n (%) | 116 (61) | 45 (58) | 13 (87) | 89 (64) | 263 (62) | 0.173* |
| Females, n (%) | 75 (39) | 33 (42) | 2 (13) | 49 (36) | 159 (38) | |
| Age (years), median (min–max) | 76 (18–92) | 69 (20–97) | 75 (53–91) | 72 (19–91) | 73 (18–97) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 years, n (%) | 141 (74) | 44 (56) | 9 (60) | 84 (61) | 278 (66) | 0.500* |
| Age ≥80 years, n (%) | 61 (32) | 12 (15) | 3 (20) | 23 (17) | 99 (24) | 0.240* |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (min–max) | 26.6 (15.6–42.4) | 25.8 (15.6–36.2) | 27.4 (19.6–42.1) | 26.9 (17.3–40.8) | 26.5 (15.6–42.4) | 0.277 |
| CCI, median (min–max) | 6 (2–12) | 6 (2–10) | 6 (5–11) | 6 (2–14) | 6 (2–14) | 0.065 |
| CCI ≥7, n (%) | 94 (49) | 32 (41) | 7 (47) | 53 (38) | 186 (44) | 0.243* |
| CCI ≥10, n (%) | 20 (10) | 4 (5) | 3 (20) | 9 (7) | 36 (9) | 0.150* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 70 (37) | 23 (29) | 6 (40) | 34 (25) | 133 (32) | 0.750* |
| Neoplasia, n (%) | 21 (11) | 6 (8) | 1 (7) | 21 (15) | 49 (12) | 0.340* |
| sCreatinine (mg/dL), median (min–max) | 2.70 (0.85–14.68) | 2.78 (0.66–15.59) | 4.70 (3.49–10.1) | 2.29 (1–13.91) | 2.53 (0.66–15.59) | <0.001 |
| eGFR-EPI (mL/min), median (min–max) | 20 (4–83) | 20 (2–64) | 12 (5–16) | 26 (3-83) | 21 (2–83) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <15 mL/min at study, n (%) | 50 (26) | 27 (35) | 13 (87) | 21 (15) | 111 (26) | <0.001* |
| Proteinuria (g/day), median (min–max) | 0.67 (0.01–6.9) | 0.68 (0.01–9.65) | 0.57 (0.24–6.06) | 0.77 (0.01–13.8) | 0.71 (0.01–13.8) | 0.340 |
| Proteinuria ≥1 g/day, n (%)/N data | 52 (40)/130 | 28 (39.4)/71 | 4 (30.7)/13 | 36 (41.3)/87 | 120 (40)/301 | 0.446* |
| Proteinuria ≥3 g/day, n (%)/N data | 16 (12.3)/130 | 10 (14.1)/71 | 1 (7.7)/13 | 12 (13.8)/87 | 39 (12.9)/301 | 0.676* |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day), median (min–max) | 0.62 (0.32–1.84) | 0.54 (0.35–1.86) | 0.49 (0.31–1.03) | 0.60 (0.31–1.41) | 0.59 (0.31–1.86) | 0.0115 |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 20 (30.8) | 13 (20) | 1 (1.5) | 31 (47.7) | 65 (10.5) | 0.020* |
| Nephroangiosclerosis, n (%) | 37 (37) | 14 (14) | 0 | 49 (49) | 100 (23.7) | <0.001* |
| ADPKD, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (6.6) | 9 (6.5) | 22 (5.2) | 0.813* |
| Torino, n (%) | 50 (26) | 59 (76) | 7 (47) | 12 (9) | 128 | <0.001* |
| Pisa, n (%) | 45 (24) | 0 | 0 | 56 (40) | 101 | |
| Cagliari, n (%) | 36 (19) | 0 | 0 | 70 (51) | 106 | |
| Solofra, n (%) | 60 (31) | 19 (24) | 8 (53) | 0 | 87 |
| Diet at study . | With protein-free food (0.6) . | Vegan supplemented (0.6) . | vLPD (0.3) . | Other diet (0.6) . | All cases . | P among diets . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 191 | 78 | 15 | 138 | 422 | |
| Males, n (%) | 116 (61) | 45 (58) | 13 (87) | 89 (64) | 263 (62) | 0.173* |
| Females, n (%) | 75 (39) | 33 (42) | 2 (13) | 49 (36) | 159 (38) | |
| Age (years), median (min–max) | 76 (18–92) | 69 (20–97) | 75 (53–91) | 72 (19–91) | 73 (18–97) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 years, n (%) | 141 (74) | 44 (56) | 9 (60) | 84 (61) | 278 (66) | 0.500* |
| Age ≥80 years, n (%) | 61 (32) | 12 (15) | 3 (20) | 23 (17) | 99 (24) | 0.240* |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (min–max) | 26.6 (15.6–42.4) | 25.8 (15.6–36.2) | 27.4 (19.6–42.1) | 26.9 (17.3–40.8) | 26.5 (15.6–42.4) | 0.277 |
| CCI, median (min–max) | 6 (2–12) | 6 (2–10) | 6 (5–11) | 6 (2–14) | 6 (2–14) | 0.065 |
| CCI ≥7, n (%) | 94 (49) | 32 (41) | 7 (47) | 53 (38) | 186 (44) | 0.243* |
| CCI ≥10, n (%) | 20 (10) | 4 (5) | 3 (20) | 9 (7) | 36 (9) | 0.150* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 70 (37) | 23 (29) | 6 (40) | 34 (25) | 133 (32) | 0.750* |
| Neoplasia, n (%) | 21 (11) | 6 (8) | 1 (7) | 21 (15) | 49 (12) | 0.340* |
| sCreatinine (mg/dL), median (min–max) | 2.70 (0.85–14.68) | 2.78 (0.66–15.59) | 4.70 (3.49–10.1) | 2.29 (1–13.91) | 2.53 (0.66–15.59) | <0.001 |
| eGFR-EPI (mL/min), median (min–max) | 20 (4–83) | 20 (2–64) | 12 (5–16) | 26 (3-83) | 21 (2–83) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <15 mL/min at study, n (%) | 50 (26) | 27 (35) | 13 (87) | 21 (15) | 111 (26) | <0.001* |
| Proteinuria (g/day), median (min–max) | 0.67 (0.01–6.9) | 0.68 (0.01–9.65) | 0.57 (0.24–6.06) | 0.77 (0.01–13.8) | 0.71 (0.01–13.8) | 0.340 |
| Proteinuria ≥1 g/day, n (%)/N data | 52 (40)/130 | 28 (39.4)/71 | 4 (30.7)/13 | 36 (41.3)/87 | 120 (40)/301 | 0.446* |
| Proteinuria ≥3 g/day, n (%)/N data | 16 (12.3)/130 | 10 (14.1)/71 | 1 (7.7)/13 | 12 (13.8)/87 | 39 (12.9)/301 | 0.676* |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day), median (min–max) | 0.62 (0.32–1.84) | 0.54 (0.35–1.86) | 0.49 (0.31–1.03) | 0.60 (0.31–1.41) | 0.59 (0.31–1.86) | 0.0115 |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 20 (30.8) | 13 (20) | 1 (1.5) | 31 (47.7) | 65 (10.5) | 0.020* |
| Nephroangiosclerosis, n (%) | 37 (37) | 14 (14) | 0 | 49 (49) | 100 (23.7) | <0.001* |
| ADPKD, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (6.6) | 9 (6.5) | 22 (5.2) | 0.813* |
| Torino, n (%) | 50 (26) | 59 (76) | 7 (47) | 12 (9) | 128 | <0.001* |
| Pisa, n (%) | 45 (24) | 0 | 0 | 56 (40) | 101 | |
| Cagliari, n (%) | 36 (19) | 0 | 0 | 70 (51) | 106 | |
| Solofra, n (%) | 60 (31) | 19 (24) | 8 (53) | 0 | 87 |
eGFR-EPI, GFR according to the CKD-EPI equation; ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; sCreatinine, serum creatinine. Chi-squared test was used when ‘*’ is specified for all qualitative data. All series were non-parametric, consequently the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for quantitative data. To take into account the multiple comparison error, Bonferroni correction was applied: P = 0.0125; significantly different P-values are in bold.
Baseline characteristics of the population according to the diet followed at time of study
| Diet at study . | With protein-free food (0.6) . | Vegan supplemented (0.6) . | vLPD (0.3) . | Other diet (0.6) . | All cases . | P among diets . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 191 | 78 | 15 | 138 | 422 | |
| Males, n (%) | 116 (61) | 45 (58) | 13 (87) | 89 (64) | 263 (62) | 0.173* |
| Females, n (%) | 75 (39) | 33 (42) | 2 (13) | 49 (36) | 159 (38) | |
| Age (years), median (min–max) | 76 (18–92) | 69 (20–97) | 75 (53–91) | 72 (19–91) | 73 (18–97) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 years, n (%) | 141 (74) | 44 (56) | 9 (60) | 84 (61) | 278 (66) | 0.500* |
| Age ≥80 years, n (%) | 61 (32) | 12 (15) | 3 (20) | 23 (17) | 99 (24) | 0.240* |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (min–max) | 26.6 (15.6–42.4) | 25.8 (15.6–36.2) | 27.4 (19.6–42.1) | 26.9 (17.3–40.8) | 26.5 (15.6–42.4) | 0.277 |
| CCI, median (min–max) | 6 (2–12) | 6 (2–10) | 6 (5–11) | 6 (2–14) | 6 (2–14) | 0.065 |
| CCI ≥7, n (%) | 94 (49) | 32 (41) | 7 (47) | 53 (38) | 186 (44) | 0.243* |
| CCI ≥10, n (%) | 20 (10) | 4 (5) | 3 (20) | 9 (7) | 36 (9) | 0.150* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 70 (37) | 23 (29) | 6 (40) | 34 (25) | 133 (32) | 0.750* |
| Neoplasia, n (%) | 21 (11) | 6 (8) | 1 (7) | 21 (15) | 49 (12) | 0.340* |
| sCreatinine (mg/dL), median (min–max) | 2.70 (0.85–14.68) | 2.78 (0.66–15.59) | 4.70 (3.49–10.1) | 2.29 (1–13.91) | 2.53 (0.66–15.59) | <0.001 |
| eGFR-EPI (mL/min), median (min–max) | 20 (4–83) | 20 (2–64) | 12 (5–16) | 26 (3-83) | 21 (2–83) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <15 mL/min at study, n (%) | 50 (26) | 27 (35) | 13 (87) | 21 (15) | 111 (26) | <0.001* |
| Proteinuria (g/day), median (min–max) | 0.67 (0.01–6.9) | 0.68 (0.01–9.65) | 0.57 (0.24–6.06) | 0.77 (0.01–13.8) | 0.71 (0.01–13.8) | 0.340 |
| Proteinuria ≥1 g/day, n (%)/N data | 52 (40)/130 | 28 (39.4)/71 | 4 (30.7)/13 | 36 (41.3)/87 | 120 (40)/301 | 0.446* |
| Proteinuria ≥3 g/day, n (%)/N data | 16 (12.3)/130 | 10 (14.1)/71 | 1 (7.7)/13 | 12 (13.8)/87 | 39 (12.9)/301 | 0.676* |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day), median (min–max) | 0.62 (0.32–1.84) | 0.54 (0.35–1.86) | 0.49 (0.31–1.03) | 0.60 (0.31–1.41) | 0.59 (0.31–1.86) | 0.0115 |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 20 (30.8) | 13 (20) | 1 (1.5) | 31 (47.7) | 65 (10.5) | 0.020* |
| Nephroangiosclerosis, n (%) | 37 (37) | 14 (14) | 0 | 49 (49) | 100 (23.7) | <0.001* |
| ADPKD, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (6.6) | 9 (6.5) | 22 (5.2) | 0.813* |
| Torino, n (%) | 50 (26) | 59 (76) | 7 (47) | 12 (9) | 128 | <0.001* |
| Pisa, n (%) | 45 (24) | 0 | 0 | 56 (40) | 101 | |
| Cagliari, n (%) | 36 (19) | 0 | 0 | 70 (51) | 106 | |
| Solofra, n (%) | 60 (31) | 19 (24) | 8 (53) | 0 | 87 |
| Diet at study . | With protein-free food (0.6) . | Vegan supplemented (0.6) . | vLPD (0.3) . | Other diet (0.6) . | All cases . | P among diets . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 191 | 78 | 15 | 138 | 422 | |
| Males, n (%) | 116 (61) | 45 (58) | 13 (87) | 89 (64) | 263 (62) | 0.173* |
| Females, n (%) | 75 (39) | 33 (42) | 2 (13) | 49 (36) | 159 (38) | |
| Age (years), median (min–max) | 76 (18–92) | 69 (20–97) | 75 (53–91) | 72 (19–91) | 73 (18–97) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 years, n (%) | 141 (74) | 44 (56) | 9 (60) | 84 (61) | 278 (66) | 0.500* |
| Age ≥80 years, n (%) | 61 (32) | 12 (15) | 3 (20) | 23 (17) | 99 (24) | 0.240* |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (min–max) | 26.6 (15.6–42.4) | 25.8 (15.6–36.2) | 27.4 (19.6–42.1) | 26.9 (17.3–40.8) | 26.5 (15.6–42.4) | 0.277 |
| CCI, median (min–max) | 6 (2–12) | 6 (2–10) | 6 (5–11) | 6 (2–14) | 6 (2–14) | 0.065 |
| CCI ≥7, n (%) | 94 (49) | 32 (41) | 7 (47) | 53 (38) | 186 (44) | 0.243* |
| CCI ≥10, n (%) | 20 (10) | 4 (5) | 3 (20) | 9 (7) | 36 (9) | 0.150* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 70 (37) | 23 (29) | 6 (40) | 34 (25) | 133 (32) | 0.750* |
| Neoplasia, n (%) | 21 (11) | 6 (8) | 1 (7) | 21 (15) | 49 (12) | 0.340* |
| sCreatinine (mg/dL), median (min–max) | 2.70 (0.85–14.68) | 2.78 (0.66–15.59) | 4.70 (3.49–10.1) | 2.29 (1–13.91) | 2.53 (0.66–15.59) | <0.001 |
| eGFR-EPI (mL/min), median (min–max) | 20 (4–83) | 20 (2–64) | 12 (5–16) | 26 (3-83) | 21 (2–83) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <15 mL/min at study, n (%) | 50 (26) | 27 (35) | 13 (87) | 21 (15) | 111 (26) | <0.001* |
| Proteinuria (g/day), median (min–max) | 0.67 (0.01–6.9) | 0.68 (0.01–9.65) | 0.57 (0.24–6.06) | 0.77 (0.01–13.8) | 0.71 (0.01–13.8) | 0.340 |
| Proteinuria ≥1 g/day, n (%)/N data | 52 (40)/130 | 28 (39.4)/71 | 4 (30.7)/13 | 36 (41.3)/87 | 120 (40)/301 | 0.446* |
| Proteinuria ≥3 g/day, n (%)/N data | 16 (12.3)/130 | 10 (14.1)/71 | 1 (7.7)/13 | 12 (13.8)/87 | 39 (12.9)/301 | 0.676* |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day), median (min–max) | 0.62 (0.32–1.84) | 0.54 (0.35–1.86) | 0.49 (0.31–1.03) | 0.60 (0.31–1.41) | 0.59 (0.31–1.86) | 0.0115 |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 20 (30.8) | 13 (20) | 1 (1.5) | 31 (47.7) | 65 (10.5) | 0.020* |
| Nephroangiosclerosis, n (%) | 37 (37) | 14 (14) | 0 | 49 (49) | 100 (23.7) | <0.001* |
| ADPKD, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (6.6) | 9 (6.5) | 22 (5.2) | 0.813* |
| Torino, n (%) | 50 (26) | 59 (76) | 7 (47) | 12 (9) | 128 | <0.001* |
| Pisa, n (%) | 45 (24) | 0 | 0 | 56 (40) | 101 | |
| Cagliari, n (%) | 36 (19) | 0 | 0 | 70 (51) | 106 | |
| Solofra, n (%) | 60 (31) | 19 (24) | 8 (53) | 0 | 87 |
eGFR-EPI, GFR according to the CKD-EPI equation; ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; sCreatinine, serum creatinine. Chi-squared test was used when ‘*’ is specified for all qualitative data. All series were non-parametric, consequently the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for quantitative data. To take into account the multiple comparison error, Bonferroni correction was applied: P = 0.0125; significantly different P-values are in bold.
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