Table 3. Open in new tab Study...

Table 3.

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between PWV and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study	Sample size	Age (years)	Female (%)	CKD Stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	PWV (m/s)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Dimkovic et al. [53]	220	58.9	46	Hemodialysis	11.8	20	9.68 ± 2.12	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.192 (1.076–1.320)	76
Premuzic et al. [51]	96	66	50	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	10.5 ± 1.9	CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 7.5 m/s PWV: 9.0 m/s PWV: 11.1 m/s	CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR: 20.49 (4.45–94.39)	25
Nemcsik et al. [50]	100	66	52	Non-hemodialysis	44	64	11.26 (8.9–14.9)	CV events (CV death, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease with intervention)	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: 6.6–9.8 m/s PWV: 9.9–13.0 m/s PWV: 13.2–27.2 m/s	CV events (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): HR: 1.284 (0.386–4.273)	NA
Townsend et al. [52]	2795	59.9	43.6	Non-hemodialysis	47.3	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: <7.9 m/s PWV: 7.9–10.3 m/s PWV: >10.3 m/s	Adjusted all-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1) HR: 1.72 (1.24–2.38)	65
Sarafidis et al. [43]	170	63.8	69	Hemodialysis	54	NA	9.4 (2.2)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 6.75 ± 0.77 PWV: 8.53 ± 0.57 PWV: 10.2 ± 0.46 PWV: 12.28 ± 0.96	All-cause mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 8.495 (1.912–37.740) CV mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 6.745 (1.472–30.912)	28
Chiu et al. [44]	219	64.2	32.3	Hemodialysis	39.4	NA	8.81 (2.08)	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia, coronary revascularization and cardiac death)	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Adjusted HR: 1.23 (1.03–1.47) CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.18 (0.89–1.39), P = 0.034 CV events (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.02 (0.88–1.17), P = 0.802	28
He et al. [15]	128	56	54	Hemodialysis	13.3	NA	NR	All-cause mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.265 (1.022–1.567), P = 0.031	24
Baumann et al. [45]	135	59.2	54	Non-hemodialysis	47	NA	10.5 (3.0)	All-cause mortality	PWV: <10 m/s PWV: >10m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 5.1 (1.1–22.9)	42
Avramovski et al. [46]	80	59.3	34	Hemodialysis	20	NA	12.5 (2.01)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <11.8 m/s PWV: >11.8 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.299 (1.09–1.54) All-cause mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 4.3 (1.6–11.51), P = 0.0037 CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.4284 (1.696–1.757) CV mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 14.36 (2.01–102.77), P = 0.008	36
Karras et al. [18]	439	59.8	26	Non-hemodialysis	27	28	11.9 (3.4)	All-cause mortality CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure)	PWV: <12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 3.3 (1.9–5.7) CV events: Per 1 SD, HR: 1.35 (1.05–1.75)	56
Othmane et al. [47]	98	63.4	39	Hemodialysis	40.8	60.2	11.2 (3.25)	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertile: PWV: 3.8–9.5 m/s PWV: 9.6–12.1 m/s PWV: 12.5–23.8 m/s	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.34 (1.17–1.53), P < 0.001	29
Zoungas et al. [25]	207	57	32	Non-hemodialysis	NA	72	NA	CV events (cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary revascularization and peripheral vascular events)	PWV: <9.9 m/s PWV: >9.9 m/s	CV events HR: 3.38 (1.70–6.73)	60
Shoji et al. [48]	256	55.4	59	Hemodialysis	19.5	NA	8.64 ± 2.16	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <8.2 m/s PWV: >8.2 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.156 (1.032–1.295), P < 0.05 CVmortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.152 (0.978–1.359), P = 0.079–0.090	63
Blacher et al. [49]	241	51.5	39	Hemodialysis	7	24	11.1 ± 3.1	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertiles: PWV: <9.4 m/s PWV: 9.4–12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): OR 1.39 (1.19–1.62) All-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.4 (2.4–11.9) CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.9 (2.3–15.5)	72

Study	Sample size	Age (years)	Female (%)	CKD Stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	PWV (m/s)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Dimkovic et al. [53]	220	58.9	46	Hemodialysis	11.8	20	9.68 ± 2.12	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.192 (1.076–1.320)	76
Premuzic et al. [51]	96	66	50	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	10.5 ± 1.9	CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 7.5 m/s PWV: 9.0 m/s PWV: 11.1 m/s	CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR: 20.49 (4.45–94.39)	25
Nemcsik et al. [50]	100	66	52	Non-hemodialysis	44	64	11.26 (8.9–14.9)	CV events (CV death, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease with intervention)	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: 6.6–9.8 m/s PWV: 9.9–13.0 m/s PWV: 13.2–27.2 m/s	CV events (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): HR: 1.284 (0.386–4.273)	NA
Townsend et al. [52]	2795	59.9	43.6	Non-hemodialysis	47.3	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: <7.9 m/s PWV: 7.9–10.3 m/s PWV: >10.3 m/s	Adjusted all-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1) HR: 1.72 (1.24–2.38)	65
Sarafidis et al. [43]	170	63.8	69	Hemodialysis	54	NA	9.4 (2.2)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 6.75 ± 0.77 PWV: 8.53 ± 0.57 PWV: 10.2 ± 0.46 PWV: 12.28 ± 0.96	All-cause mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 8.495 (1.912–37.740) CV mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 6.745 (1.472–30.912)	28
Chiu et al. [44]	219	64.2	32.3	Hemodialysis	39.4	NA	8.81 (2.08)	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia, coronary revascularization and cardiac death)	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Adjusted HR: 1.23 (1.03–1.47) CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.18 (0.89–1.39), P = 0.034 CV events (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.02 (0.88–1.17), P = 0.802	28
He et al. [15]	128	56	54	Hemodialysis	13.3	NA	NR	All-cause mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.265 (1.022–1.567), P = 0.031	24
Baumann et al. [45]	135	59.2	54	Non-hemodialysis	47	NA	10.5 (3.0)	All-cause mortality	PWV: <10 m/s PWV: >10m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 5.1 (1.1–22.9)	42
Avramovski et al. [46]	80	59.3	34	Hemodialysis	20	NA	12.5 (2.01)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <11.8 m/s PWV: >11.8 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.299 (1.09–1.54) All-cause mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 4.3 (1.6–11.51), P = 0.0037 CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.4284 (1.696–1.757) CV mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 14.36 (2.01–102.77), P = 0.008	36
Karras et al. [18]	439	59.8	26	Non-hemodialysis	27	28	11.9 (3.4)	All-cause mortality CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure)	PWV: <12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 3.3 (1.9–5.7) CV events: Per 1 SD, HR: 1.35 (1.05–1.75)	56
Othmane et al. [47]	98	63.4	39	Hemodialysis	40.8	60.2	11.2 (3.25)	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertile: PWV: 3.8–9.5 m/s PWV: 9.6–12.1 m/s PWV: 12.5–23.8 m/s	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.34 (1.17–1.53), P < 0.001	29
Zoungas et al. [25]	207	57	32	Non-hemodialysis	NA	72	NA	CV events (cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary revascularization and peripheral vascular events)	PWV: <9.9 m/s PWV: >9.9 m/s	CV events HR: 3.38 (1.70–6.73)	60
Shoji et al. [48]	256	55.4	59	Hemodialysis	19.5	NA	8.64 ± 2.16	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <8.2 m/s PWV: >8.2 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.156 (1.032–1.295), P < 0.05 CVmortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.152 (0.978–1.359), P = 0.079–0.090	63
Blacher et al. [49]	241	51.5	39	Hemodialysis	7	24	11.1 ± 3.1	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertiles: PWV: <9.4 m/s PWV: 9.4–12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): OR 1.39 (1.19–1.62) All-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.4 (2.4–11.9) CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.9 (2.3–15.5)	72

DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio.

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between PWV and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study	Sample size	Age (years)	Female (%)	CKD Stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	PWV (m/s)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Dimkovic et al. [53]	220	58.9	46	Hemodialysis	11.8	20	9.68 ± 2.12	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.192 (1.076–1.320)	76
Premuzic et al. [51]	96	66	50	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	10.5 ± 1.9	CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 7.5 m/s PWV: 9.0 m/s PWV: 11.1 m/s	CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR: 20.49 (4.45–94.39)	25
Nemcsik et al. [50]	100	66	52	Non-hemodialysis	44	64	11.26 (8.9–14.9)	CV events (CV death, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease with intervention)	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: 6.6–9.8 m/s PWV: 9.9–13.0 m/s PWV: 13.2–27.2 m/s	CV events (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): HR: 1.284 (0.386–4.273)	NA
Townsend et al. [52]	2795	59.9	43.6	Non-hemodialysis	47.3	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: <7.9 m/s PWV: 7.9–10.3 m/s PWV: >10.3 m/s	Adjusted all-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1) HR: 1.72 (1.24–2.38)	65
Sarafidis et al. [43]	170	63.8	69	Hemodialysis	54	NA	9.4 (2.2)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 6.75 ± 0.77 PWV: 8.53 ± 0.57 PWV: 10.2 ± 0.46 PWV: 12.28 ± 0.96	All-cause mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 8.495 (1.912–37.740) CV mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 6.745 (1.472–30.912)	28
Chiu et al. [44]	219	64.2	32.3	Hemodialysis	39.4	NA	8.81 (2.08)	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia, coronary revascularization and cardiac death)	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Adjusted HR: 1.23 (1.03–1.47) CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.18 (0.89–1.39), P = 0.034 CV events (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.02 (0.88–1.17), P = 0.802	28
He et al. [15]	128	56	54	Hemodialysis	13.3	NA	NR	All-cause mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.265 (1.022–1.567), P = 0.031	24
Baumann et al. [45]	135	59.2	54	Non-hemodialysis	47	NA	10.5 (3.0)	All-cause mortality	PWV: <10 m/s PWV: >10m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 5.1 (1.1–22.9)	42
Avramovski et al. [46]	80	59.3	34	Hemodialysis	20	NA	12.5 (2.01)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <11.8 m/s PWV: >11.8 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.299 (1.09–1.54) All-cause mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 4.3 (1.6–11.51), P = 0.0037 CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.4284 (1.696–1.757) CV mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 14.36 (2.01–102.77), P = 0.008	36
Karras et al. [18]	439	59.8	26	Non-hemodialysis	27	28	11.9 (3.4)	All-cause mortality CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure)	PWV: <12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 3.3 (1.9–5.7) CV events: Per 1 SD, HR: 1.35 (1.05–1.75)	56
Othmane et al. [47]	98	63.4	39	Hemodialysis	40.8	60.2	11.2 (3.25)	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertile: PWV: 3.8–9.5 m/s PWV: 9.6–12.1 m/s PWV: 12.5–23.8 m/s	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.34 (1.17–1.53), P < 0.001	29
Zoungas et al. [25]	207	57	32	Non-hemodialysis	NA	72	NA	CV events (cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary revascularization and peripheral vascular events)	PWV: <9.9 m/s PWV: >9.9 m/s	CV events HR: 3.38 (1.70–6.73)	60
Shoji et al. [48]	256	55.4	59	Hemodialysis	19.5	NA	8.64 ± 2.16	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <8.2 m/s PWV: >8.2 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.156 (1.032–1.295), P < 0.05 CVmortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.152 (0.978–1.359), P = 0.079–0.090	63
Blacher et al. [49]	241	51.5	39	Hemodialysis	7	24	11.1 ± 3.1	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertiles: PWV: <9.4 m/s PWV: 9.4–12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): OR 1.39 (1.19–1.62) All-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.4 (2.4–11.9) CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.9 (2.3–15.5)	72

Study	Sample size	Age (years)	Female (%)	CKD Stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	PWV (m/s)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Dimkovic et al. [53]	220	58.9	46	Hemodialysis	11.8	20	9.68 ± 2.12	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.192 (1.076–1.320)	76
Premuzic et al. [51]	96	66	50	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	10.5 ± 1.9	CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 7.5 m/s PWV: 9.0 m/s PWV: 11.1 m/s	CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR: 20.49 (4.45–94.39)	25
Nemcsik et al. [50]	100	66	52	Non-hemodialysis	44	64	11.26 (8.9–14.9)	CV events (CV death, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease with intervention)	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: 6.6–9.8 m/s PWV: 9.9–13.0 m/s PWV: 13.2–27.2 m/s	CV events (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): HR: 1.284 (0.386–4.273)	NA
Townsend et al. [52]	2795	59.9	43.6	Non-hemodialysis	47.3	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	Tertiles (m/s): PWV: <7.9 m/s PWV: 7.9–10.3 m/s PWV: >10.3 m/s	Adjusted all-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1) HR: 1.72 (1.24–2.38)	65
Sarafidis et al. [43]	170	63.8	69	Hemodialysis	54	NA	9.4 (2.2)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Quartiles (m/s): PWV: 6.75 ± 0.77 PWV: 8.53 ± 0.57 PWV: 10.2 ± 0.46 PWV: 12.28 ± 0.96	All-cause mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 8.495 (1.912–37.740) CV mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1): HR: 6.745 (1.472–30.912)	28
Chiu et al. [44]	219	64.2	32.3	Hemodialysis	39.4	NA	8.81 (2.08)	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia, coronary revascularization and cardiac death)	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Adjusted HR: 1.23 (1.03–1.47) CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.18 (0.89–1.39), P = 0.034 CV events (per 1 m/s PWV increment): Unadjusted HR: 1.02 (0.88–1.17), P = 0.802	28
He et al. [15]	128	56	54	Hemodialysis	13.3	NA	NR	All-cause mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment)	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.265 (1.022–1.567), P = 0.031	24
Baumann et al. [45]	135	59.2	54	Non-hemodialysis	47	NA	10.5 (3.0)	All-cause mortality	PWV: <10 m/s PWV: >10m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 5.1 (1.1–22.9)	42
Avramovski et al. [46]	80	59.3	34	Hemodialysis	20	NA	12.5 (2.01)	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <11.8 m/s PWV: >11.8 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.299 (1.09–1.54) All-cause mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 4.3 (1.6–11.51), P = 0.0037 CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.4284 (1.696–1.757) CV mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s): RR: 14.36 (2.01–102.77), P = 0.008	36
Karras et al. [18]	439	59.8	26	Non-hemodialysis	27	28	11.9 (3.4)	All-cause mortality CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure)	PWV: <12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality: HR: 3.3 (1.9–5.7) CV events: Per 1 SD, HR: 1.35 (1.05–1.75)	56
Othmane et al. [47]	98	63.4	39	Hemodialysis	40.8	60.2	11.2 (3.25)	CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertile: PWV: 3.8–9.5 m/s PWV: 9.6–12.1 m/s PWV: 12.5–23.8 m/s	CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.34 (1.17–1.53), P < 0.001	29
Zoungas et al. [25]	207	57	32	Non-hemodialysis	NA	72	NA	CV events (cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary revascularization and peripheral vascular events)	PWV: <9.9 m/s PWV: >9.9 m/s	CV events HR: 3.38 (1.70–6.73)	60
Shoji et al. [48]	256	55.4	59	Hemodialysis	19.5	NA	8.64 ± 2.16	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) PWV: <8.2 m/s PWV: >8.2 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.156 (1.032–1.295), P < 0.05 CVmortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): HR: 1.152 (0.978–1.359), P = 0.079–0.090	63
Blacher et al. [49]	241	51.5	39	Hemodialysis	7	24	11.1 ± 3.1	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 1 m/s increment) Tertiles: PWV: <9.4 m/s PWV: 9.4–12 m/s PWV: >12 m/s	All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment): OR 1.39 (1.19–1.62) All-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.4 (2.4–11.9) CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1): OR 5.9 (2.3–15.5)	72

DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio.

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