Table 2. Open in new tab Study...

Table 2.

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between CACS and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study	Sample size	Age (years)^†	Female (%)	CKD stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	CACS (AU)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Lamarche et al. [42]	178	61	38	Non-hemodialysis	44	18	217 (9–746)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–9 AU CACS: 100–399 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 2.05 (1.24–3.39)	120
Mukai et al. [41]	296	55	33	General CKD	19	NA	CACS 0: 0 AU CACS >0: 508 AU	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS low tertile CACS middle tertile CACS high tertile	Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus 0 AU) HR (low tertile): 2.04 (0.34–12.3) HR (middle tertile): 3.7 (0.71–19.8) HR (high tertile): 8.35 (1.58–44.0)	35
Chen et al. [26]	1541	57.2	47	Mild to moderate CKD	42	0	NA	All-cause mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 100 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.42 (0.82–2.46), P: 0.36 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.81 (1.16–2.82), P: <0.001	71
Winther et al. [27]	154	54	32	Hemodialysis	32.5	15.6	137 (0–561)	All-cause mortality CV events (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, STEMI and revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 0–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 1.8 (0.6–5.3), P: 0.27 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 4.6 (1.2–16.7), P: <0.05	44
Matsushita et al. [28]	1284	69	54	General CKD	23	NA	31 (0–224)	CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease)	Quartiles	CV events (Quartile 3 versus Quartiles 1 and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR: 1.73 (1.13–2.64) CV events (Quartile 4 versus Quartiles 1and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR Quartile 4: 3.02 (2.03–4.50)	100
Havel et al. [29]	77	59.5	31	Hemodialysis	45.5	7.80	886 ± 1324	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0–1000 AU CACS: >1000 AU	Adjusted CV events (>100 AU) HR: 9.29 (3.00–28.73), P = 0.0001	26
Chaikriangkrai et al. [30]	145	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	NA	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >400: 14.49 (1.64–127.88), P: 0.016	43
Liabeuf et al. [31]	143	66.7	39	General CKD	43	31	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral ischemia or new-onset arrhythmia)	Continuous (per 100 AU)	Adjusted CV events RR: 1.024 (1.005–1.043), P < 0.0001	29
Janda et al. [32]	53	52	47	Hemodialysis	23	0	92	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 100 AU)	All-cause mortality HR: 1.04 (1.01–1.08), P: 0.02 CV mortality HR: 1.05 (1.02–1.09), P: 0.01	72
Guney et al. [33]	72	44	54	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	127 (0–657)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	All-cause mortality (versus 0) HR: 1.65 (0.85–3.21), P: 0.13	77
Nakayama et al. [19]	133	NA	42	Hemodialysis	43	39	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR: 1.83 (0.55–6.63), P = 0.33	49
Russo et al. [40]	181	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	107	CV events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction)	CACS: <100 AU CACS: >100 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS <100) HR: 8.4 (2.3–30.1), P: 0.001	25
Ohtake et al. [34]	74	66	36	Hemodialysis	39.6	NA	1853 ± 3262	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (angina, myocardial infarction, valve disease, heart disease and stroke)	CACS: <750 AU CACS: >750 AU	All-cause mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.292 (1.393–7.780), P: 0.0066 CV mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.108 (0.677–14.269), P: 0.1447 CV events (>750 AU): RR: 2.619 (1.241–5.529), P: 0.0115	40
Shantouf et al. [35]	166	53	41	Hemodialysis	50.9	24.7	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Unadjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR: CACS 1–100: 2.1 (0.7–9.4), P: 0.3 HR: CACS 101-400: 4.1(1.2–18.6), P: 0.009 HR: CACS >400: 6.3 (1.5–26.5), P: 0.006 Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >0: 6.7 (1.1–21.5), P: 0.1	72
Watanabe et al. [36]	117	57	39	Non-hemodialysis	23	NA	CACS >10 334 AU (108–858) CACS >400 873 AU (436–2500)	CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled BP, stroke and cardiac failure)	CACS: <10 AU CACS: >10 AU CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events HR: CACS >400 AU: 3.53 (1.03–12.06), P: 0.04	24
Fensterseifer et al. [37]	59	48.8	41	Hemodialysis	28.	23.7	Males: 66.4 AU (3.8–796) Females: 25.8 AU (0–684.8)	All-cause mortality	CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 3.53 (0.71–17.43), P: 0.12	24
Block et al. [38]	127	56	39	Hemodialysis	58	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 4.5 (1.33–15.14), P: 0.016	44
Matsuoka et al. [39]	104	56	40	Hemodialysis	38	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: <200 AU CACS: >200 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>200 AU) RR: 2.687 (0.873–8.267)	44

Study	Sample size	Age (years)^†	Female (%)	CKD stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	CACS (AU)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Lamarche et al. [42]	178	61	38	Non-hemodialysis	44	18	217 (9–746)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–9 AU CACS: 100–399 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 2.05 (1.24–3.39)	120
Mukai et al. [41]	296	55	33	General CKD	19	NA	CACS 0: 0 AU CACS >0: 508 AU	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS low tertile CACS middle tertile CACS high tertile	Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus 0 AU) HR (low tertile): 2.04 (0.34–12.3) HR (middle tertile): 3.7 (0.71–19.8) HR (high tertile): 8.35 (1.58–44.0)	35
Chen et al. [26]	1541	57.2	47	Mild to moderate CKD	42	0	NA	All-cause mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 100 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.42 (0.82–2.46), P: 0.36 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.81 (1.16–2.82), P: <0.001	71
Winther et al. [27]	154	54	32	Hemodialysis	32.5	15.6	137 (0–561)	All-cause mortality CV events (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, STEMI and revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 0–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 1.8 (0.6–5.3), P: 0.27 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 4.6 (1.2–16.7), P: <0.05	44
Matsushita et al. [28]	1284	69	54	General CKD	23	NA	31 (0–224)	CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease)	Quartiles	CV events (Quartile 3 versus Quartiles 1 and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR: 1.73 (1.13–2.64) CV events (Quartile 4 versus Quartiles 1and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR Quartile 4: 3.02 (2.03–4.50)	100
Havel et al. [29]	77	59.5	31	Hemodialysis	45.5	7.80	886 ± 1324	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0–1000 AU CACS: >1000 AU	Adjusted CV events (>100 AU) HR: 9.29 (3.00–28.73), P = 0.0001	26
Chaikriangkrai et al. [30]	145	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	NA	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >400: 14.49 (1.64–127.88), P: 0.016	43
Liabeuf et al. [31]	143	66.7	39	General CKD	43	31	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral ischemia or new-onset arrhythmia)	Continuous (per 100 AU)	Adjusted CV events RR: 1.024 (1.005–1.043), P < 0.0001	29
Janda et al. [32]	53	52	47	Hemodialysis	23	0	92	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 100 AU)	All-cause mortality HR: 1.04 (1.01–1.08), P: 0.02 CV mortality HR: 1.05 (1.02–1.09), P: 0.01	72
Guney et al. [33]	72	44	54	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	127 (0–657)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	All-cause mortality (versus 0) HR: 1.65 (0.85–3.21), P: 0.13	77
Nakayama et al. [19]	133	NA	42	Hemodialysis	43	39	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR: 1.83 (0.55–6.63), P = 0.33	49
Russo et al. [40]	181	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	107	CV events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction)	CACS: <100 AU CACS: >100 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS <100) HR: 8.4 (2.3–30.1), P: 0.001	25
Ohtake et al. [34]	74	66	36	Hemodialysis	39.6	NA	1853 ± 3262	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (angina, myocardial infarction, valve disease, heart disease and stroke)	CACS: <750 AU CACS: >750 AU	All-cause mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.292 (1.393–7.780), P: 0.0066 CV mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.108 (0.677–14.269), P: 0.1447 CV events (>750 AU): RR: 2.619 (1.241–5.529), P: 0.0115	40
Shantouf et al. [35]	166	53	41	Hemodialysis	50.9	24.7	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Unadjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR: CACS 1–100: 2.1 (0.7–9.4), P: 0.3 HR: CACS 101-400: 4.1(1.2–18.6), P: 0.009 HR: CACS >400: 6.3 (1.5–26.5), P: 0.006 Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >0: 6.7 (1.1–21.5), P: 0.1	72
Watanabe et al. [36]	117	57	39	Non-hemodialysis	23	NA	CACS >10 334 AU (108–858) CACS >400 873 AU (436–2500)	CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled BP, stroke and cardiac failure)	CACS: <10 AU CACS: >10 AU CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events HR: CACS >400 AU: 3.53 (1.03–12.06), P: 0.04	24
Fensterseifer et al. [37]	59	48.8	41	Hemodialysis	28.	23.7	Males: 66.4 AU (3.8–796) Females: 25.8 AU (0–684.8)	All-cause mortality	CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 3.53 (0.71–17.43), P: 0.12	24
Block et al. [38]	127	56	39	Hemodialysis	58	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 4.5 (1.33–15.14), P: 0.016	44
Matsuoka et al. [39]	104	56	40	Hemodialysis	38	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: <200 AU CACS: >200 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>200 AU) RR: 2.687 (0.873–8.267)	44

DM, diabetes mellitus; STEMI, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between CACS and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study	Sample size	Age (years)^†	Female (%)	CKD stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	CACS (AU)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Lamarche et al. [42]	178	61	38	Non-hemodialysis	44	18	217 (9–746)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–9 AU CACS: 100–399 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 2.05 (1.24–3.39)	120
Mukai et al. [41]	296	55	33	General CKD	19	NA	CACS 0: 0 AU CACS >0: 508 AU	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS low tertile CACS middle tertile CACS high tertile	Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus 0 AU) HR (low tertile): 2.04 (0.34–12.3) HR (middle tertile): 3.7 (0.71–19.8) HR (high tertile): 8.35 (1.58–44.0)	35
Chen et al. [26]	1541	57.2	47	Mild to moderate CKD	42	0	NA	All-cause mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 100 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.42 (0.82–2.46), P: 0.36 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.81 (1.16–2.82), P: <0.001	71
Winther et al. [27]	154	54	32	Hemodialysis	32.5	15.6	137 (0–561)	All-cause mortality CV events (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, STEMI and revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 0–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 1.8 (0.6–5.3), P: 0.27 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 4.6 (1.2–16.7), P: <0.05	44
Matsushita et al. [28]	1284	69	54	General CKD	23	NA	31 (0–224)	CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease)	Quartiles	CV events (Quartile 3 versus Quartiles 1 and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR: 1.73 (1.13–2.64) CV events (Quartile 4 versus Quartiles 1and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR Quartile 4: 3.02 (2.03–4.50)	100
Havel et al. [29]	77	59.5	31	Hemodialysis	45.5	7.80	886 ± 1324	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0–1000 AU CACS: >1000 AU	Adjusted CV events (>100 AU) HR: 9.29 (3.00–28.73), P = 0.0001	26
Chaikriangkrai et al. [30]	145	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	NA	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >400: 14.49 (1.64–127.88), P: 0.016	43
Liabeuf et al. [31]	143	66.7	39	General CKD	43	31	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral ischemia or new-onset arrhythmia)	Continuous (per 100 AU)	Adjusted CV events RR: 1.024 (1.005–1.043), P < 0.0001	29
Janda et al. [32]	53	52	47	Hemodialysis	23	0	92	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 100 AU)	All-cause mortality HR: 1.04 (1.01–1.08), P: 0.02 CV mortality HR: 1.05 (1.02–1.09), P: 0.01	72
Guney et al. [33]	72	44	54	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	127 (0–657)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	All-cause mortality (versus 0) HR: 1.65 (0.85–3.21), P: 0.13	77
Nakayama et al. [19]	133	NA	42	Hemodialysis	43	39	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR: 1.83 (0.55–6.63), P = 0.33	49
Russo et al. [40]	181	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	107	CV events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction)	CACS: <100 AU CACS: >100 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS <100) HR: 8.4 (2.3–30.1), P: 0.001	25
Ohtake et al. [34]	74	66	36	Hemodialysis	39.6	NA	1853 ± 3262	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (angina, myocardial infarction, valve disease, heart disease and stroke)	CACS: <750 AU CACS: >750 AU	All-cause mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.292 (1.393–7.780), P: 0.0066 CV mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.108 (0.677–14.269), P: 0.1447 CV events (>750 AU): RR: 2.619 (1.241–5.529), P: 0.0115	40
Shantouf et al. [35]	166	53	41	Hemodialysis	50.9	24.7	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Unadjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR: CACS 1–100: 2.1 (0.7–9.4), P: 0.3 HR: CACS 101-400: 4.1(1.2–18.6), P: 0.009 HR: CACS >400: 6.3 (1.5–26.5), P: 0.006 Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >0: 6.7 (1.1–21.5), P: 0.1	72
Watanabe et al. [36]	117	57	39	Non-hemodialysis	23	NA	CACS >10 334 AU (108–858) CACS >400 873 AU (436–2500)	CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled BP, stroke and cardiac failure)	CACS: <10 AU CACS: >10 AU CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events HR: CACS >400 AU: 3.53 (1.03–12.06), P: 0.04	24
Fensterseifer et al. [37]	59	48.8	41	Hemodialysis	28.	23.7	Males: 66.4 AU (3.8–796) Females: 25.8 AU (0–684.8)	All-cause mortality	CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 3.53 (0.71–17.43), P: 0.12	24
Block et al. [38]	127	56	39	Hemodialysis	58	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 4.5 (1.33–15.14), P: 0.016	44
Matsuoka et al. [39]	104	56	40	Hemodialysis	38	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: <200 AU CACS: >200 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>200 AU) RR: 2.687 (0.873–8.267)	44

Study	Sample size	Age (years)^†	Female (%)	CKD stage*	DM (%)	CVD (%)	CACS (AU)	Outcome	Comparison	Effect estimate (95% CI)	Follow-up duration (months)
Lamarche et al. [42]	178	61	38	Non-hemodialysis	44	18	217 (9–746)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–9 AU CACS: 100–399 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 2.05 (1.24–3.39)	120
Mukai et al. [41]	296	55	33	General CKD	19	NA	CACS 0: 0 AU CACS >0: 508 AU	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS low tertile CACS middle tertile CACS high tertile	Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus 0 AU) HR (low tertile): 2.04 (0.34–12.3) HR (middle tertile): 3.7 (0.71–19.8) HR (high tertile): 8.35 (1.58–44.0)	35
Chen et al. [26]	1541	57.2	47	Mild to moderate CKD	42	0	NA	All-cause mortality CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 100 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.42 (0.82–2.46), P: 0.36 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.81 (1.16–2.82), P: <0.001	71
Winther et al. [27]	154	54	32	Hemodialysis	32.5	15.6	137 (0–561)	All-cause mortality CV events (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, STEMI and revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 0–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 1.8 (0.6–5.3), P: 0.27 Adjusted CV events Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 4.6 (1.2–16.7), P: <0.05	44
Matsushita et al. [28]	1284	69	54	General CKD	23	NA	31 (0–224)	CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease)	Quartiles	CV events (Quartile 3 versus Quartiles 1 and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR: 1.73 (1.13–2.64) CV events (Quartile 4 versus Quartiles 1and 2 = 0 AU) Adjusted HR Quartile 4: 3.02 (2.03–4.50)	100
Havel et al. [29]	77	59.5	31	Hemodialysis	45.5	7.80	886 ± 1324	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0–1000 AU CACS: >1000 AU	Adjusted CV events (>100 AU) HR: 9.29 (3.00–28.73), P = 0.0001	26
Chaikriangkrai et al. [30]	145	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	NA	CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >400: 14.49 (1.64–127.88), P: 0.016	43
Liabeuf et al. [31]	143	66.7	39	General CKD	43	31	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral ischemia or new-onset arrhythmia)	Continuous (per 100 AU)	Adjusted CV events RR: 1.024 (1.005–1.043), P < 0.0001	29
Janda et al. [32]	53	52	47	Hemodialysis	23	0	92	All-cause mortality CV mortality	Continuous (per 100 AU)	All-cause mortality HR: 1.04 (1.01–1.08), P: 0.02 CV mortality HR: 1.05 (1.02–1.09), P: 0.01	72
Guney et al. [33]	72	44	54	Hemodialysis	NA	NA	127 (0–657)	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	All-cause mortality (versus 0) HR: 1.65 (0.85–3.21), P: 0.13	77
Nakayama et al. [19]	133	NA	42	Hemodialysis	43	39	NA	CV events (cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease)	CACS: 0 AU CACS: >0 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0) HR: 1.83 (0.55–6.63), P = 0.33	49
Russo et al. [40]	181	NA	NA	Non-hemodialysis	NA	NA	107	CV events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction)	CACS: <100 AU CACS: >100 AU	Adjusted CV events (versus CACS <100) HR: 8.4 (2.3–30.1), P: 0.001	25
Ohtake et al. [34]	74	66	36	Hemodialysis	39.6	NA	1853 ± 3262	All-cause mortality CV mortality CV events (angina, myocardial infarction, valve disease, heart disease and stroke)	CACS: <750 AU CACS: >750 AU	All-cause mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.292 (1.393–7.780), P: 0.0066 CV mortality (>750 AU): RR: 3.108 (0.677–14.269), P: 0.1447 CV events (>750 AU): RR: 2.619 (1.241–5.529), P: 0.0115	40
Shantouf et al. [35]	166	53	41	Hemodialysis	50.9	24.7	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–100 AU CACS: 101–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Unadjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR: CACS 1–100: 2.1 (0.7–9.4), P: 0.3 HR: CACS 101-400: 4.1(1.2–18.6), P: 0.009 HR: CACS >400: 6.3 (1.5–26.5), P: 0.006 Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0) HR CACS >0: 6.7 (1.1–21.5), P: 0.1	72
Watanabe et al. [36]	117	57	39	Non-hemodialysis	23	NA	CACS >10 334 AU (108–858) CACS >400 873 AU (436–2500)	CV events (myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled BP, stroke and cardiac failure)	CACS: <10 AU CACS: >10 AU CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted CV events HR: CACS >400 AU: 3.53 (1.03–12.06), P: 0.04	24
Fensterseifer et al. [37]	59	48.8	41	Hemodialysis	28.	23.7	Males: 66.4 AU (3.8–796) Females: 25.8 AU (0–684.8)	All-cause mortality	CACS: <400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 3.53 (0.71–17.43), P: 0.12	24
Block et al. [38]	127	56	39	Hemodialysis	58	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: 0 AU CACS: 1–400 AU CACS: >400 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU) HR: 4.5 (1.33–15.14), P: 0.016	44
Matsuoka et al. [39]	104	56	40	Hemodialysis	38	NA	NA	All-cause mortality	CACS: <200 AU CACS: >200 AU	Adjusted all-cause mortality (>200 AU) RR: 2.687 (0.873–8.267)	44

DM, diabetes mellitus; STEMI, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

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