| . | PHIV (n = 101) . | HIV Negative (n = 96) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 12.93 [11.53, 14.71] | 12.67 [11.08, 14.33] | .24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 54 (53) | 50 (52) | .96 |
| HIV variables | |||
| Viral load <20 copies/mL, n (%) | 84 (86) | … | |
| CD4 nadir, cells/µL | 619.50 [333, 1097] | … | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/µL | 988 [638, 1307] | … | |
| CD4, % | 34.50 [27, 41] | … | |
| ART duration, years | 9.88 [7.61, 11.08] | ||
| Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, n (%) | |||
| Abacavir | 42 (47) | … | |
| Lamivudine | 1 (1) | … | |
| Tenofovir | 12 (14) | … | |
| Zidovudine | 33 (37) | … | |
| Nevirapine, n (%) | 18 (27) | … | |
| Efavirenz, n (%) | 46 (44) | … | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 27 (28) | … | |
| CVD and metabolic parameters | |||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 [0.83, 0.90] | 0.85 [0.82, 0.89] | .02* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.69 [15.82, 19.10] | 18.02 [16.09, 19.46] | .34 |
| BMI-for-age z score | −0.57 [−1.29, −0.01] | −0.33 [−1.04, 0.36] | .066 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 107 [101, 114] | 115 [106, 121] | <.01* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 [60, 71] | 67 [62, 73] | .07 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.48 [0.44, 0.55] | 0.49 [0.44, 0.56] | .30 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.30 [4.20, 4.50] | 4.40 [4.20, 4.55] | .11 |
| HOMA | 1.25 [0.80, 2.05] | 1.00 [0.74, 1.58] | .02* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 152 [134, 172] | 148 [131, 170] | .49 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 84 [68, 104] | 83 [70, 105] | .61 |
| VLDL, mg/dL | 19 [13, 23] | 16 [12, 20] | .03* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93 [66, 115] | 82 [61, 102] | .03* |
| Soluble markers of systemic inflammation and monocyte activation | |||
| hsCRP, ng/mL | 515.92 [185.69, 1619.31] | 398.60 [126.77, 1145.82] | .16 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.13 [0.77, 2.12] | 1.23 [0.84, 1.86] | .93 |
| sTNFR-I, pg/mL | 905.46 [736.92, 1034.54] | 959.90 [811.10, 1107.97] | .02* |
| sCD14, pg/mL | 2110.70 [1759.38, 2568.92] | 1675.39 [1445.09, 1956.71] | <.01* |
| sCD163, pg/mL | 589.60 [404.24, 735.95] | 684.97 [495.51, 854.47] | .01* |
| Gut integrity markers | |||
| I-FABP, pg/mL | 2151.44 [1701.91, 3245.97] | 2241.48 [1687.72, 2966.32] | .49 |
| Zonulin, ng/mL | 6.16 [4.86, 7.79] | 6.79 [5.45, 8.40] | .065 |
| BDG, pg/mL | 283.66 [230.07, 488.86] | 448.65 [294.19, 613.45] | <.001* |
| . | PHIV (n = 101) . | HIV Negative (n = 96) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 12.93 [11.53, 14.71] | 12.67 [11.08, 14.33] | .24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 54 (53) | 50 (52) | .96 |
| HIV variables | |||
| Viral load <20 copies/mL, n (%) | 84 (86) | … | |
| CD4 nadir, cells/µL | 619.50 [333, 1097] | … | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/µL | 988 [638, 1307] | … | |
| CD4, % | 34.50 [27, 41] | … | |
| ART duration, years | 9.88 [7.61, 11.08] | ||
| Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, n (%) | |||
| Abacavir | 42 (47) | … | |
| Lamivudine | 1 (1) | … | |
| Tenofovir | 12 (14) | … | |
| Zidovudine | 33 (37) | … | |
| Nevirapine, n (%) | 18 (27) | … | |
| Efavirenz, n (%) | 46 (44) | … | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 27 (28) | … | |
| CVD and metabolic parameters | |||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 [0.83, 0.90] | 0.85 [0.82, 0.89] | .02* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.69 [15.82, 19.10] | 18.02 [16.09, 19.46] | .34 |
| BMI-for-age z score | −0.57 [−1.29, −0.01] | −0.33 [−1.04, 0.36] | .066 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 107 [101, 114] | 115 [106, 121] | <.01* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 [60, 71] | 67 [62, 73] | .07 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.48 [0.44, 0.55] | 0.49 [0.44, 0.56] | .30 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.30 [4.20, 4.50] | 4.40 [4.20, 4.55] | .11 |
| HOMA | 1.25 [0.80, 2.05] | 1.00 [0.74, 1.58] | .02* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 152 [134, 172] | 148 [131, 170] | .49 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 84 [68, 104] | 83 [70, 105] | .61 |
| VLDL, mg/dL | 19 [13, 23] | 16 [12, 20] | .03* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93 [66, 115] | 82 [61, 102] | .03* |
| Soluble markers of systemic inflammation and monocyte activation | |||
| hsCRP, ng/mL | 515.92 [185.69, 1619.31] | 398.60 [126.77, 1145.82] | .16 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.13 [0.77, 2.12] | 1.23 [0.84, 1.86] | .93 |
| sTNFR-I, pg/mL | 905.46 [736.92, 1034.54] | 959.90 [811.10, 1107.97] | .02* |
| sCD14, pg/mL | 2110.70 [1759.38, 2568.92] | 1675.39 [1445.09, 1956.71] | <.01* |
| sCD163, pg/mL | 589.60 [404.24, 735.95] | 684.97 [495.51, 854.47] | .01* |
| Gut integrity markers | |||
| I-FABP, pg/mL | 2151.44 [1701.91, 3245.97] | 2241.48 [1687.72, 2966.32] | .49 |
| Zonulin, ng/mL | 6.16 [4.86, 7.79] | 6.79 [5.45, 8.40] | .065 |
| BDG, pg/mL | 283.66 [230.07, 488.86] | 448.65 [294.19, 613.45] | <.001* |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] unless otherwise indicated. *P < .05.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BDG, β-d-glucan; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HOMA, homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PHIV, children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus; sCD14, soluble CD14; sCD163, soluble CD163; sTNFR-I, soluble tumor necrosis ɑ receptor I; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.
| . | PHIV (n = 101) . | HIV Negative (n = 96) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 12.93 [11.53, 14.71] | 12.67 [11.08, 14.33] | .24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 54 (53) | 50 (52) | .96 |
| HIV variables | |||
| Viral load <20 copies/mL, n (%) | 84 (86) | … | |
| CD4 nadir, cells/µL | 619.50 [333, 1097] | … | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/µL | 988 [638, 1307] | … | |
| CD4, % | 34.50 [27, 41] | … | |
| ART duration, years | 9.88 [7.61, 11.08] | ||
| Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, n (%) | |||
| Abacavir | 42 (47) | … | |
| Lamivudine | 1 (1) | … | |
| Tenofovir | 12 (14) | … | |
| Zidovudine | 33 (37) | … | |
| Nevirapine, n (%) | 18 (27) | … | |
| Efavirenz, n (%) | 46 (44) | … | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 27 (28) | … | |
| CVD and metabolic parameters | |||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 [0.83, 0.90] | 0.85 [0.82, 0.89] | .02* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.69 [15.82, 19.10] | 18.02 [16.09, 19.46] | .34 |
| BMI-for-age z score | −0.57 [−1.29, −0.01] | −0.33 [−1.04, 0.36] | .066 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 107 [101, 114] | 115 [106, 121] | <.01* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 [60, 71] | 67 [62, 73] | .07 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.48 [0.44, 0.55] | 0.49 [0.44, 0.56] | .30 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.30 [4.20, 4.50] | 4.40 [4.20, 4.55] | .11 |
| HOMA | 1.25 [0.80, 2.05] | 1.00 [0.74, 1.58] | .02* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 152 [134, 172] | 148 [131, 170] | .49 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 84 [68, 104] | 83 [70, 105] | .61 |
| VLDL, mg/dL | 19 [13, 23] | 16 [12, 20] | .03* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93 [66, 115] | 82 [61, 102] | .03* |
| Soluble markers of systemic inflammation and monocyte activation | |||
| hsCRP, ng/mL | 515.92 [185.69, 1619.31] | 398.60 [126.77, 1145.82] | .16 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.13 [0.77, 2.12] | 1.23 [0.84, 1.86] | .93 |
| sTNFR-I, pg/mL | 905.46 [736.92, 1034.54] | 959.90 [811.10, 1107.97] | .02* |
| sCD14, pg/mL | 2110.70 [1759.38, 2568.92] | 1675.39 [1445.09, 1956.71] | <.01* |
| sCD163, pg/mL | 589.60 [404.24, 735.95] | 684.97 [495.51, 854.47] | .01* |
| Gut integrity markers | |||
| I-FABP, pg/mL | 2151.44 [1701.91, 3245.97] | 2241.48 [1687.72, 2966.32] | .49 |
| Zonulin, ng/mL | 6.16 [4.86, 7.79] | 6.79 [5.45, 8.40] | .065 |
| BDG, pg/mL | 283.66 [230.07, 488.86] | 448.65 [294.19, 613.45] | <.001* |
| . | PHIV (n = 101) . | HIV Negative (n = 96) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 12.93 [11.53, 14.71] | 12.67 [11.08, 14.33] | .24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 54 (53) | 50 (52) | .96 |
| HIV variables | |||
| Viral load <20 copies/mL, n (%) | 84 (86) | … | |
| CD4 nadir, cells/µL | 619.50 [333, 1097] | … | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/µL | 988 [638, 1307] | … | |
| CD4, % | 34.50 [27, 41] | … | |
| ART duration, years | 9.88 [7.61, 11.08] | ||
| Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, n (%) | |||
| Abacavir | 42 (47) | … | |
| Lamivudine | 1 (1) | … | |
| Tenofovir | 12 (14) | … | |
| Zidovudine | 33 (37) | … | |
| Nevirapine, n (%) | 18 (27) | … | |
| Efavirenz, n (%) | 46 (44) | … | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 27 (28) | … | |
| CVD and metabolic parameters | |||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 [0.83, 0.90] | 0.85 [0.82, 0.89] | .02* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.69 [15.82, 19.10] | 18.02 [16.09, 19.46] | .34 |
| BMI-for-age z score | −0.57 [−1.29, −0.01] | −0.33 [−1.04, 0.36] | .066 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 107 [101, 114] | 115 [106, 121] | <.01* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 [60, 71] | 67 [62, 73] | .07 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.48 [0.44, 0.55] | 0.49 [0.44, 0.56] | .30 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.30 [4.20, 4.50] | 4.40 [4.20, 4.55] | .11 |
| HOMA | 1.25 [0.80, 2.05] | 1.00 [0.74, 1.58] | .02* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 152 [134, 172] | 148 [131, 170] | .49 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 84 [68, 104] | 83 [70, 105] | .61 |
| VLDL, mg/dL | 19 [13, 23] | 16 [12, 20] | .03* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93 [66, 115] | 82 [61, 102] | .03* |
| Soluble markers of systemic inflammation and monocyte activation | |||
| hsCRP, ng/mL | 515.92 [185.69, 1619.31] | 398.60 [126.77, 1145.82] | .16 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.13 [0.77, 2.12] | 1.23 [0.84, 1.86] | .93 |
| sTNFR-I, pg/mL | 905.46 [736.92, 1034.54] | 959.90 [811.10, 1107.97] | .02* |
| sCD14, pg/mL | 2110.70 [1759.38, 2568.92] | 1675.39 [1445.09, 1956.71] | <.01* |
| sCD163, pg/mL | 589.60 [404.24, 735.95] | 684.97 [495.51, 854.47] | .01* |
| Gut integrity markers | |||
| I-FABP, pg/mL | 2151.44 [1701.91, 3245.97] | 2241.48 [1687.72, 2966.32] | .49 |
| Zonulin, ng/mL | 6.16 [4.86, 7.79] | 6.79 [5.45, 8.40] | .065 |
| BDG, pg/mL | 283.66 [230.07, 488.86] | 448.65 [294.19, 613.45] | <.001* |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] unless otherwise indicated. *P < .05.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BDG, β-d-glucan; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HOMA, homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PHIV, children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus; sCD14, soluble CD14; sCD163, soluble CD163; sTNFR-I, soluble tumor necrosis ɑ receptor I; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.
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