Major prospective studies of remnant cholesterol and incident cardiovascular disease.
| Author . | Year published . | Sample size . | Study setting . | Fasting status . | Measurement . | Outcome . | Adjustedarisk association HR or OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phillips NR et al. (70) | 1993 | 335 | Montreal Heart Study | Fasting | Ultracentrifugation: IDL-C+VLDL-C | Composite: MI, coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 1.02b (1.01–1.03) per 1 mg/dL increase |
| Kugiyama K et al. (71) | 1999 | 147 | Patients with Angiographic CAD | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, recurrent, or refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 6.38b (2.3–17.6) highest vs lowest tertile |
| McNamara JR et al. (72) | 2001 | 1567 | Framingham Heart Study, Women | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: angina, MI, TS, TIA | 2.27b (1.37–3.77) highest quartile vs all others |
| Fukushima H et al. (73) | 2004 | 120 | Patients with Angiographic CAD and Diabetes | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 2.2b (1.2–6.4) highest quartile vs all others |
| Imke C et al. (74) | 2005 | 1156 | Japanese-American Men | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, revascularization, sudden death | Normal TG: 1.009 (0.939–1.085) High TG: 1.011 (1.001–1.021) per mg/dl |
| Mora S et al. (75) | 2009 | 27 673 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, IS, coronary revascularization, CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.56 (1.27–1.91) Medium VLDL: 1.46 (1.17–1.82) Large VLDL: 1.77 (1.34–2.33) Total VLDL: 1.71 (1.38–2.12) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (76) | 2013 | 73 513 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen City Heart Study, and Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | Ischemic heart disease | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 4114 | Jackson Heart Study, Black Participants | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) per SD increase |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 818 | Framingham Offspring Cohort Study | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.46 (1.05–2.04) per SD increase |
| Lawler P et al. (78) | 2017 | 11 984 | Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, arterial revascularization, and CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.16 (0.99–1.36) Medium VLDL: 1.30 (1.10–1.53) Large VLDL: 1.17 (1.00–1.37) Total VLDL: 1.21 (1.04–1.41) per SD increase |
| Varbo A et al. (67) | 2018 | 106 216 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Stratified by Weight | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | MI | Normal Weight: 2.0 (1.3–3.2) Overweight: 1.9 (1.4–2.6) Obese: 2.3 (1.4–3.5) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Aday A et al. (79) | 2018 | 27 888 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR very small, small, medium, large, very large, and total VLDL particle concentration | PAD | Very Small VLDL: 1.01 (0.61–1.67) Small VLDL: 0.99 (0.62–1.59) Medium VLDL: 1.98 (1.15–3.41) Large VLDL: 1.58 (0.94–2.68) Very Large VLDL: 1.68 (1.05–2.55) Total VLDL: 1.39 (0.81–2.38) highest vs lowest tertile |
| Holmes M et al. (80) | 2018 | 4662 (Nested Case-Control) | Chinese Kadoorie Biobank (N = 512 891) | Nonfasting | NMR metabolomics remnant cholesterol (VLDL-C plus IDL-C) | MI, IS individually | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) for MI 1.20 (1.09–1.32) for IS per SD increase |
| Saeed A et al. (69) | 2018 | 9334 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | Fasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, first generation | CHD, IS, CVD individually | b1.06 (0.88–1.27) for CHD b1.07 (0.78–1.45) for IS b1.05 (0.89–1.23) for CVD highest vs lowest quartile |
| Vallejo-Vaz et al. (81) | 2018 | 9993 | Treating to New Targets | Fasting | Calculated as non-HDL-C minus LDL-C | Composite: MI, total stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and CVD death | Atorvastatin 10 mg: 1.48 (1.15–1.92) Atorvastatin 80 mg: 1.01 (0.76–1.34) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (82) | 2019 | 102 964 | Copenhagen General Population Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | IS | 1.99 (1.49–2.67) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Duran EK et al. (68) | 2020 | 976 (Case-Cohort) | Women’s Health Study (N = 27 552) | Nonfasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, second generation | Composite: MI, IS, PAD, and CVD death | 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.08) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Author . | Year published . | Sample size . | Study setting . | Fasting status . | Measurement . | Outcome . | Adjustedarisk association HR or OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phillips NR et al. (70) | 1993 | 335 | Montreal Heart Study | Fasting | Ultracentrifugation: IDL-C+VLDL-C | Composite: MI, coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 1.02b (1.01–1.03) per 1 mg/dL increase |
| Kugiyama K et al. (71) | 1999 | 147 | Patients with Angiographic CAD | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, recurrent, or refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 6.38b (2.3–17.6) highest vs lowest tertile |
| McNamara JR et al. (72) | 2001 | 1567 | Framingham Heart Study, Women | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: angina, MI, TS, TIA | 2.27b (1.37–3.77) highest quartile vs all others |
| Fukushima H et al. (73) | 2004 | 120 | Patients with Angiographic CAD and Diabetes | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 2.2b (1.2–6.4) highest quartile vs all others |
| Imke C et al. (74) | 2005 | 1156 | Japanese-American Men | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, revascularization, sudden death | Normal TG: 1.009 (0.939–1.085) High TG: 1.011 (1.001–1.021) per mg/dl |
| Mora S et al. (75) | 2009 | 27 673 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, IS, coronary revascularization, CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.56 (1.27–1.91) Medium VLDL: 1.46 (1.17–1.82) Large VLDL: 1.77 (1.34–2.33) Total VLDL: 1.71 (1.38–2.12) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (76) | 2013 | 73 513 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen City Heart Study, and Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | Ischemic heart disease | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 4114 | Jackson Heart Study, Black Participants | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) per SD increase |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 818 | Framingham Offspring Cohort Study | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.46 (1.05–2.04) per SD increase |
| Lawler P et al. (78) | 2017 | 11 984 | Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, arterial revascularization, and CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.16 (0.99–1.36) Medium VLDL: 1.30 (1.10–1.53) Large VLDL: 1.17 (1.00–1.37) Total VLDL: 1.21 (1.04–1.41) per SD increase |
| Varbo A et al. (67) | 2018 | 106 216 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Stratified by Weight | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | MI | Normal Weight: 2.0 (1.3–3.2) Overweight: 1.9 (1.4–2.6) Obese: 2.3 (1.4–3.5) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Aday A et al. (79) | 2018 | 27 888 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR very small, small, medium, large, very large, and total VLDL particle concentration | PAD | Very Small VLDL: 1.01 (0.61–1.67) Small VLDL: 0.99 (0.62–1.59) Medium VLDL: 1.98 (1.15–3.41) Large VLDL: 1.58 (0.94–2.68) Very Large VLDL: 1.68 (1.05–2.55) Total VLDL: 1.39 (0.81–2.38) highest vs lowest tertile |
| Holmes M et al. (80) | 2018 | 4662 (Nested Case-Control) | Chinese Kadoorie Biobank (N = 512 891) | Nonfasting | NMR metabolomics remnant cholesterol (VLDL-C plus IDL-C) | MI, IS individually | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) for MI 1.20 (1.09–1.32) for IS per SD increase |
| Saeed A et al. (69) | 2018 | 9334 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | Fasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, first generation | CHD, IS, CVD individually | b1.06 (0.88–1.27) for CHD b1.07 (0.78–1.45) for IS b1.05 (0.89–1.23) for CVD highest vs lowest quartile |
| Vallejo-Vaz et al. (81) | 2018 | 9993 | Treating to New Targets | Fasting | Calculated as non-HDL-C minus LDL-C | Composite: MI, total stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and CVD death | Atorvastatin 10 mg: 1.48 (1.15–1.92) Atorvastatin 80 mg: 1.01 (0.76–1.34) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (82) | 2019 | 102 964 | Copenhagen General Population Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | IS | 1.99 (1.49–2.67) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Duran EK et al. (68) | 2020 | 976 (Case-Cohort) | Women’s Health Study (N = 27 552) | Nonfasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, second generation | Composite: MI, IS, PAD, and CVD death | 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.08) highest vs lowest quartile |
Adjusted for clinical risk factors.
Some studies present only models additionally adjusted for TG and/or HDL-C.
Abbreviations: HR, hazards ratio; OR, odds ratio; CAD, coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TS, total stroke; IS, ischemic stroke; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; PAD, peripheral artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; IDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TRL, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; VAP, vertical auto profile; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.
Major prospective studies of remnant cholesterol and incident cardiovascular disease.
| Author . | Year published . | Sample size . | Study setting . | Fasting status . | Measurement . | Outcome . | Adjustedarisk association HR or OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phillips NR et al. (70) | 1993 | 335 | Montreal Heart Study | Fasting | Ultracentrifugation: IDL-C+VLDL-C | Composite: MI, coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 1.02b (1.01–1.03) per 1 mg/dL increase |
| Kugiyama K et al. (71) | 1999 | 147 | Patients with Angiographic CAD | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, recurrent, or refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 6.38b (2.3–17.6) highest vs lowest tertile |
| McNamara JR et al. (72) | 2001 | 1567 | Framingham Heart Study, Women | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: angina, MI, TS, TIA | 2.27b (1.37–3.77) highest quartile vs all others |
| Fukushima H et al. (73) | 2004 | 120 | Patients with Angiographic CAD and Diabetes | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 2.2b (1.2–6.4) highest quartile vs all others |
| Imke C et al. (74) | 2005 | 1156 | Japanese-American Men | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, revascularization, sudden death | Normal TG: 1.009 (0.939–1.085) High TG: 1.011 (1.001–1.021) per mg/dl |
| Mora S et al. (75) | 2009 | 27 673 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, IS, coronary revascularization, CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.56 (1.27–1.91) Medium VLDL: 1.46 (1.17–1.82) Large VLDL: 1.77 (1.34–2.33) Total VLDL: 1.71 (1.38–2.12) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (76) | 2013 | 73 513 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen City Heart Study, and Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | Ischemic heart disease | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 4114 | Jackson Heart Study, Black Participants | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) per SD increase |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 818 | Framingham Offspring Cohort Study | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.46 (1.05–2.04) per SD increase |
| Lawler P et al. (78) | 2017 | 11 984 | Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, arterial revascularization, and CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.16 (0.99–1.36) Medium VLDL: 1.30 (1.10–1.53) Large VLDL: 1.17 (1.00–1.37) Total VLDL: 1.21 (1.04–1.41) per SD increase |
| Varbo A et al. (67) | 2018 | 106 216 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Stratified by Weight | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | MI | Normal Weight: 2.0 (1.3–3.2) Overweight: 1.9 (1.4–2.6) Obese: 2.3 (1.4–3.5) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Aday A et al. (79) | 2018 | 27 888 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR very small, small, medium, large, very large, and total VLDL particle concentration | PAD | Very Small VLDL: 1.01 (0.61–1.67) Small VLDL: 0.99 (0.62–1.59) Medium VLDL: 1.98 (1.15–3.41) Large VLDL: 1.58 (0.94–2.68) Very Large VLDL: 1.68 (1.05–2.55) Total VLDL: 1.39 (0.81–2.38) highest vs lowest tertile |
| Holmes M et al. (80) | 2018 | 4662 (Nested Case-Control) | Chinese Kadoorie Biobank (N = 512 891) | Nonfasting | NMR metabolomics remnant cholesterol (VLDL-C plus IDL-C) | MI, IS individually | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) for MI 1.20 (1.09–1.32) for IS per SD increase |
| Saeed A et al. (69) | 2018 | 9334 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | Fasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, first generation | CHD, IS, CVD individually | b1.06 (0.88–1.27) for CHD b1.07 (0.78–1.45) for IS b1.05 (0.89–1.23) for CVD highest vs lowest quartile |
| Vallejo-Vaz et al. (81) | 2018 | 9993 | Treating to New Targets | Fasting | Calculated as non-HDL-C minus LDL-C | Composite: MI, total stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and CVD death | Atorvastatin 10 mg: 1.48 (1.15–1.92) Atorvastatin 80 mg: 1.01 (0.76–1.34) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (82) | 2019 | 102 964 | Copenhagen General Population Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | IS | 1.99 (1.49–2.67) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Duran EK et al. (68) | 2020 | 976 (Case-Cohort) | Women’s Health Study (N = 27 552) | Nonfasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, second generation | Composite: MI, IS, PAD, and CVD death | 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.08) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Author . | Year published . | Sample size . | Study setting . | Fasting status . | Measurement . | Outcome . | Adjustedarisk association HR or OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phillips NR et al. (70) | 1993 | 335 | Montreal Heart Study | Fasting | Ultracentrifugation: IDL-C+VLDL-C | Composite: MI, coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 1.02b (1.01–1.03) per 1 mg/dL increase |
| Kugiyama K et al. (71) | 1999 | 147 | Patients with Angiographic CAD | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, recurrent, or refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 6.38b (2.3–17.6) highest vs lowest tertile |
| McNamara JR et al. (72) | 2001 | 1567 | Framingham Heart Study, Women | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: angina, MI, TS, TIA | 2.27b (1.37–3.77) highest quartile vs all others |
| Fukushima H et al. (73) | 2004 | 120 | Patients with Angiographic CAD and Diabetes | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, refractory angina requiring coronary revascularization, cardiac death | 2.2b (1.2–6.4) highest quartile vs all others |
| Imke C et al. (74) | 2005 | 1156 | Japanese-American Men | Fasting | Immunoseparation remnant TRL-C | Composite: MI, revascularization, sudden death | Normal TG: 1.009 (0.939–1.085) High TG: 1.011 (1.001–1.021) per mg/dl |
| Mora S et al. (75) | 2009 | 27 673 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, IS, coronary revascularization, CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.56 (1.27–1.91) Medium VLDL: 1.46 (1.17–1.82) Large VLDL: 1.77 (1.34–2.33) Total VLDL: 1.71 (1.38–2.12) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (76) | 2013 | 73 513 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen City Heart Study, and Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | Ischemic heart disease | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 4114 | Jackson Heart Study, Black Participants | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) per SD increase |
| Joshi PH et al. (77) | 2016 | 818 | Framingham Offspring Cohort Study | Fasting | VAP: VLDL3 plus IDL-C | Composite: MI, CHD death, revascularization | 1.46 (1.05–2.04) per SD increase |
| Lawler P et al. (78) | 2017 | 11 984 | Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) | Nonfasting | NMR small, medium, large, and total VLDL particle concentration | Composite: MI, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, arterial revascularization, and CVD death | Small VLDL: 1.16 (0.99–1.36) Medium VLDL: 1.30 (1.10–1.53) Large VLDL: 1.17 (1.00–1.37) Total VLDL: 1.21 (1.04–1.41) per SD increase |
| Varbo A et al. (67) | 2018 | 106 216 | Copenhagen General Population Study, Stratified by Weight | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | MI | Normal Weight: 2.0 (1.3–3.2) Overweight: 1.9 (1.4–2.6) Obese: 2.3 (1.4–3.5) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Aday A et al. (79) | 2018 | 27 888 | Women’s Health Study | Nonfasting | NMR very small, small, medium, large, very large, and total VLDL particle concentration | PAD | Very Small VLDL: 1.01 (0.61–1.67) Small VLDL: 0.99 (0.62–1.59) Medium VLDL: 1.98 (1.15–3.41) Large VLDL: 1.58 (0.94–2.68) Very Large VLDL: 1.68 (1.05–2.55) Total VLDL: 1.39 (0.81–2.38) highest vs lowest tertile |
| Holmes M et al. (80) | 2018 | 4662 (Nested Case-Control) | Chinese Kadoorie Biobank (N = 512 891) | Nonfasting | NMR metabolomics remnant cholesterol (VLDL-C plus IDL-C) | MI, IS individually | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) for MI 1.20 (1.09–1.32) for IS per SD increase |
| Saeed A et al. (69) | 2018 | 9334 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | Fasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, first generation | CHD, IS, CVD individually | b1.06 (0.88–1.27) for CHD b1.07 (0.78–1.45) for IS b1.05 (0.89–1.23) for CVD highest vs lowest quartile |
| Vallejo-Vaz et al. (81) | 2018 | 9993 | Treating to New Targets | Fasting | Calculated as non-HDL-C minus LDL-C | Composite: MI, total stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and CVD death | Atorvastatin 10 mg: 1.48 (1.15–1.92) Atorvastatin 80 mg: 1.01 (0.76–1.34) highest vs lowest quintile |
| Varbo A et al. (82) | 2019 | 102 964 | Copenhagen General Population Study | Nonfasting | Calculated as TC minus HDL-C minus LDL-C | IS | 1.99 (1.49–2.67) highest vs lowest quartile |
| Duran EK et al. (68) | 2020 | 976 (Case-Cohort) | Women’s Health Study (N = 27 552) | Nonfasting | Direct homogenous assay for TRL-C, second generation | Composite: MI, IS, PAD, and CVD death | 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.08) highest vs lowest quartile |
Adjusted for clinical risk factors.
Some studies present only models additionally adjusted for TG and/or HDL-C.
Abbreviations: HR, hazards ratio; OR, odds ratio; CAD, coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TS, total stroke; IS, ischemic stroke; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; PAD, peripheral artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; IDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TRL, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; VAP, vertical auto profile; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.
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