Number of individuals per age class, in the whole study area that were estimated to have originated from the study area without the restoration areas (top), and from within the restoration areas (bottom). Estimates are from an integrated population model using Piping Plover data from Fire Island and Westhampton Island, New York, 2013–2018. The restoration areas were built between the 2014 and 2015 breeding seasons, and were created to mimic natural Piping Plover habitat, mitigating for potential habitat degradation following island stabilization efforts. Values reported are mean ± standard deviation. N = number of individuals, Imm = immigrants, and tot = total number of individuals in the breeding population. SY indicates birds in their first breeding season and ASY represents after second-year birds, ≥1 yr post-hatch. Stage nomenclature is associated with age of breeding individuals.